Models of Writing Free Essays

Writing can be an intimidating task.   Many people of all ages will admit to avoiding and even fearing the writing process.   For some reason, the task seems daunting, so methods have been adapted to help ease the process for those that struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The five step writing process is typically composed of some derivation of the following steps:   prewriting, planning, drafting, revising, and proofreading.   These steps are widely taught in classrooms from the elementary school level through post graduate work.   The depth of each level is the thing that differs as writers grow and mature. Similar essay: Principles of Good Writing by L.A. Hill Summary The prewriting phase involves the production of ideas and even strategies for later writing of the essay.   This can include using one of many types of graphic organizers such as bubble charts or outlining techniques.   It can also be less organized like brainstorming lists or even random thoughts.   The prewriting phase is a time to explore all facets of an idea without judging or commitment.   During this phase, the writer will find a topic and create his questions for research.   In conducting his research, whether it be formal or informal, he will discover the answers to his questions. Thus the next sequential stage of writing is the planning stage.   Here the writer accumulates all of the information necessary and begins to sort it into categories.   This coincides with the text’s second step of finding and evaluating information from various sources.   Here the writer is still gather information without being certain exactly which he will use. These first two steps correlate with McQuinn and Roach’s first step in their writing process which is the idea step.   According to their website, â€Å"ideas are the heart of the message, the content of the piece, the main theme, together with the details (documented support, elaboration, anecdotes, images) that enrich and develop that theme by building understanding or holding a reader’s attention.†Ã‚   Here the writer comes up with the central focus of his work and gather information to support it.   This information may be anecdotal, research-oriented, observed or simply created.   The ideas are important to the process because they allow for wide-ranging creativity from the writer. The third step in the general writing process is drafting.   The text suggests taking notes from the sources and making a formal outline.   It is at this point that the final decisions are made as to what information should be included.   It is important to note that a draft is not a final copy.   Many students of writing make that mistake.   The drafts are sometimes a type of trial and error routine.   Several drafts may be necessary before the writer becomes satisfied with the content of the essay. This stage correlates with the organization stage of McQuinn and Roach.   They note that organization is the â€Å"internal structure† of a piece which includes is central message and the flow of ideas seamlessly from one to another.   This particular process offers that a well-organized piece of writing will begin with a strong opening and conclude with a powerful conclusion, with many developed and stimulating ideas in between.   Of course the writer will have had to already choose his content in order to accomplish this type of structure in his writing. After the drafting stage, the writer must undertake the process of revising.   The revision stage is one that involves many steps.   The paper must be examined for its content, its logical progression, its flow of ideas, its choice of words, phrasing, and overall impact.   The revising stage is much like the drafting stage because each revision is simply a new draft.   Until the revision stage is complete, the drafting stage is not. McQuinn and Roach’s fourth and fifth area are called word choice and sentence fluency.   These two ideas are key to the revision process.   Word choice has to do with, as the name suggests, the careful choosing of the most perfect words to express meaning.   Sentence fluency is the smoothness and fluidity with which the sentences in the writing roll seamlessly from one to another. According to McQuinn and Roach, â€Å"word choice is the use of rich, colorful, precise language that moves and enlightens the reader. It is the love of language, a passion for words, combined with a skill in choosing words that creates just the right mood, impression, or image in the heart and mind of the reader.†Ã‚   To accomplish this is to really wrestle with words until the most perfect choices are made.   Likewise, sentence fluency focuses on the sounds of the sentences.   This forces the writer to consider sound devices such as rhyme, alliteration, creative phrasing, sentence structure, complexity and length.   The sentences will read, in some cases, like music. Finally, the writer has achieved a focused, organized and creatively crafted piece.   He has one more step to complete.   This step is the revision step.   This step demands that the writer proofread his paper to ensure that the conventions of the English language are followed.   This gives the writer and the writing legitimacy.   The reader recognizes that his writing will be more powerful if it is also correct in its use of punctuation, usage, spelling and other such conventions.   While proofreading may be less creative than the stylistic drafting of the piece, it is nevertheless a vital step in the whole of the writing process. While most process driven models of writing end here, the McQuinn and Roach model includes another area.   This area is that of voice.   They note that voice is the heart and soul of a piece, the magic, the wit. It is the writer’s unique and personal expression emerging through words. Voice is the presence of the writer on the page. When the writer’s passion for the topic and concern for the audience are strong, the text dances with life and energy, and the reader feels a strong and intimate connection to both the writing and the writer. Voice is a more abstract tenet of writing, one that is harder to explain and harder yet to produce. Voice pervades all writing, but not all voice is unique or engaging or even literate.   Many writers take years to produce a recognizable voice.   Some students never learn it.   However, voice is the quality that separates adequate and good writing from great and enlightened writing, yet it is the most elusive quality of all. The process described in the text and the process designed by McQuinn and Roach have many structural similarities.   They both depend on good ideas, organization, drafting, revising and proofreading.   However, the McQuinn and Roach model go beyond this to demand an element of uniqueness, of style, from the writers.   This style is very difficult to teach.   For this reason, it is much more difficult to use. A student of writing would find the text much easier to follow.   The steps are well-defining, and a student who carefully follows them will produce a good piece of writing.   The steps are easy to repeat and practice, and they can be applied to many situations. However, a student who has mastered this type of writing and desire another level to his work will find McQuinn and Roach an excellent step in this direction.   While the tutorial on their website cannot guarantee that one will become a stylist, it gives a mature writer more dimensions with which to experiment in his writing.   Word choice, sentence fluency and voice are all components of this dimension.   Merely good writing can exist without them, but great writing can only emerge with them.   Thus, the user-friendliness of these two models will depend on the level of adequacy that the writer has achieved. References McQuinn, C. Roach, M.   The Writing Process. WORDSMITH A GUIDE to College Writing 3RD EDITON    How to cite Models of Writing, Essay examples

The only responsibility of business is to increase its profits free essay sample

Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main goal. Corporate social responsibility has many definitions, as its interpretation is quite loose, so I have chosen one that relates the most to this essay, given by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, in 2000: â€Å"Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large† (Dahlsrud, A.2006). In Milton Friedman’s article The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Friedman’s central message is that the main responsibility for a business is to create wealth; and that the corporation is an instrument of maximising profit and that their priorities should be to maximise shareholder value, have a high competitive advantage and use whatever means, as long as it remains legal, to increase their sales and profitability. In this essay I will be arguing to what extent I agree with Milton Friedman’s claim â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits†(Friedman, Milton. 1970) and then I will reach a conclusion in which I will give my own point of view on the topic. On one hand, I agree with certain concepts related to Friedman’s claim. Firstly, and most importantly, any executive of a big corporation has direct responsibilities to its owners, which would be its stockholders. Friedman argues that â€Å"to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom (Friedman, Milton. 1970). Shareholder’s main role is to hire executives, that they will then expect to act as their agent. Therefore if they go against their will, by performing actions that do not comply with their main objectives, would be in itself unethical, as it would go against their freedom of choice. Friedman argues that executives should not be spending a company’s resources on social causes the shareholders would not support, because it is effectively like imposing taxes on the stockholders and would provide lower profits (Cosans. C, 2008). Friedman proposes as examples that abstaining from a price increase to help prevent inflation, reducing pollution by more than it needs to be, to the point where it conflicts with the interests of the corporation and at the expense of corporate profits, to help improve the environment could go against the stockholders goals (Mulligan, T.1886). Consequently, executives spending corporate resources on social causes, that are not compatible with stockholder’s objectives, simply because the executives has his own personal ethical agenda, is a violation of trust, as the executive is not doing what he has been hired to do in the first place. Secondly, Friedman argues that spending money and resources on social interest should be the function of the government, through taxation and not of the executives in a company (Mulligan, T. 1886). For example if a company decides that it wants to lower its CO2 emission, to support the fight against global warming and that subsequently it leads to an increase in price of their product, it can be argued that this is like an indirect tax for consumers: â€Å"He is in effect imposing taxes, on the one hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent. † (Friedman, Milton. 1970). This is unfair since it constitutes taxation without representation. Furthermore, it is unconstitutional that executives act as civil servants, without having been elected through a political process. Since, if anyone should have the power to impose taxes and make expenditures to promote social objectives, it shouldn’t be corporations but the government, as they have the resources and knowledge to make these kinds of decisions that could potentially have an impact on all our lives. Friedman argues, â€Å"Business professionals have neither the power nor possibly even the knowledge necessary to address larger societal problems, even if they wanted to† (Friedman, Milton. 1970). An example he refers to is the fact that business professionals are not in a position to fight inflation, where factors, such  as money supply and aggregate demand need to be considered. Overall it is investing governmental power in a person who has no general mandate to govern and why should we allow unelected companies to determine our social values and to take over the role of elected government. Thirdly, the process is undemocratic, as there are no checks and balances to monitor these corporations and the major decisions that they are making, that are going to impact our society, also the decision process is very much kept behind ‘closed doors’, unlike how the government operates. This leaves more opportunity for corruption and illegal behavior. Even though there are organizations, such as the World trade Organization and the Office of Fair Trading, loopholes always seem to be found. For example, a recent report by Members of Parliament, last year claimed that the Office of Fair Trading had failed to stop money lenders ripping off customers, and this mistake cost borrowers ? 450 million a year (The Mirror, 2013). The fact that businesses are able to persuade law makers â€Å"to pass laws that allows them to do an activity that would otherwise not be allowed†(Cosans, C.2008), for the purpose of increasing businesses profits, raises doubt on whether the corporation will only act in a ethical manner for their own purposes and won’t be able to anticipate the social consequences of their actions. An example to show how corporations could act in a socially responsible way for their own benefit would be, if a firm implemented tougher environmental standards, simply to eliminate smaller firms that could not afford the same stricter standards (Johnson, K. R. 2010). Corporations are not representative of society at large, but merely a small, narrow political constituency. As G. E. Moore once said: â€Å"to act with perfect certainty, we would need to know all the events which will be in any way affected by our action throughout an infinite future(Moore, G. E. 1903). In his essay, Milton Friedman emphasises that corporations should â€Å"use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud†(Friedman, Milton.1970). Therefore, it is more beneficial for companies to concentrate on making profit, as long as it remains in a legal manner and letting the government be in charge of imposing taxes and keeping the businesses in check, since corporate social responsibility ‘‘asks corporations to work against their natural genetic makeup and managers and employees to work at cross-purposes’’(Friedman, Milton. 1970). On the other hand, it can be argued that corporate social responsibility brings many benefits to society and corporations themselves and therefore there are some flaws with Friedman’s stance on the main objectives for businesses. For enterprises to fully meet their social responsibilities, they â€Å"should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders†. (European Commission, 2011). It is essential that corporations follow rules beyond the ones that are codified into laws (Friedman, J. 2013). Firstly, and most importantly, a company that is not socially responsible, and does not include it within their main goals can have detrimental consequences on people; society and I would go as far as to say the world. Kant’s second formulation of the categorical imperative ‘‘act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only’’ (Kant, I. 1785, p.46) comes to mind as an ethic that more businesses should possess. There have been multiple occurrences, where corporations have acted in ways that go against corporate social responsibility, to the extent where lives have been lost or put in danger, for the mere reason to increase their profit. An example of this, in 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, which lead to the immediate death of 3,800 people and caused significant morbidity and premature death for many more. The company, Union Carbide Corporations, involved in what became renown as the worst industrial accident in history, tried to dissociate itself from legal responsibility and eventually settled a payment of $470 million in compensation, which did in no way cover the negative externalities it had caused, such as the long-term health consequences. (Broughton, E. 2005). Furthermore there are still many issues where corporations use their monetary resources to influence the law, in ways, which will mostly benefit them. For example, in 1996, health insurance companies’ successfully lobbied Congress to drop a bill that had passed the Senate that required them to offer the same coverage for mental and physical health (Lueck, S. 2008). Even though it could be argued from Friedman’s perspective that it was ethical for the companies to increase their profits by not covering mental health since it wasn’t illegal, it led to health insurance companies acting in unethical way that left citizens having to deal with higher health costs, which is something that all citizens have to pay. This can be related to the Stakeholder theory (1930), which states that â€Å"in making decisions, management should calculate the implications on all parties that the business is affecting or that is affected by, such as the Stakeholders, and act to advance the greater interest† (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009,) Secondly, while it is normal for any business to have profit as one of their priorities, as it wouldn’t be sustainable otherwise, there is also a need for them to consider non-monetary factors in their decision-making. Firstly for the company’s stockholders, since they wouldn’t want their company to make money by producing a product that they believed to be unethical or potentially harmful. â€Å"Hence, the executive must exercise judgment to determine when an action would displease the typical stockholder despite its profitability†(Cosans, C. 2008). Since shareholders are also human beings, they wouldn’t want basic ethical principles to be broken. For example, Enron Corporation lied about its profits and concealed their debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts, to increase the value of their stocks. This was clearly deceitful to the stockholders, as Enron lost their money by lying to them and making them invest more (Barry and Shaw, 2001, p. 212). This can also be seen in a more recent story, where many Walmart shareholders voted against the current CEO because of their handling of bribery charges and working conditions in factories in the companys supply chain. Thirdly, if a company treats its employees in an unethical manner, there is always the chance that they will then do the same and start becoming dishonest. For example, they could try to go against their own company and help competing firms. Furthermore employees nowadays expect more than just a paycheck, they want to feel that they are working for a company that is doing ‘good’ for the community and therefore having good ethics can also  help motivate the workers to do well and be more involved in the business, it has been shown that employees who work for enlightened organizations tend to exhibit increased job satisfaction (Cosans, C. 2008). Hence, it could be suggested that it may be profitable for a company to spend resources in an ethical way, which could be helping with certain world problems or even the community, as they will attract employees who have high morals and work ethic themselves. Fourthly, consumers nowadays tend to prefer products, which possess certain attributes, such as quality, safety, and value. Not only consumers, but also communities often want companies to do more than what is required. Thus having a good set of ethics could lead to a company having higher sales, customer loyalty, a better reputation, more efficient operations, cooperation from local communities and even more (Cosans, C. 2008). Corporations can identify and respond to the demands of the marketplace, whilst making their activities socially responsible as its long-term profits can be negatively or positively influenced by its ethical stance or its attitude towards its social responsibility. A firm which exploits cheap labour in the Least Developed Countries, such as Nike and its sweatshops, may find that it loses part of its customer-base, it may also find it harder to get governments’ contracts or support, and may have problems recruiting new employees, all of which will have a dampening impact on long- term profitability. There are always social constraints on how far a firm can go in persisting profits and it is part of the implicit contract between society and the firm, where we the government and community provide a legal and economic framework in which you can operate but in return we expect certain standards of behaviour to be followed. Businesses are important in different ways, â€Å"such as creating wealth, providing goods and services in an efficient and fair way, at the same time respecting the dignity and the inalienable and fundamental rights of the individual. † (Mele, D. 2002). In conclusion, if one adopts a narrow interpretation of social responsibility, of the costs of producing goods and services, ignoring social costs and only considering the short-term perspective on the drive for profits then Friedman may be right. However businesses have a responsibility to adapt their behaviours accordingly if it wishes to survive in the long-term. Friedman wrote his essay 40 years ago, and since then many factors have changed in fundamental ways and nowadays people expect more of businesses to be corporately socially responsible (Friedman, J. 2013). And even though any business, that wants to be sustained over time, must maximize its profits, it should be done in a manner that meets the needs of the stakeholders. Corporations are very powerful and some are worth more than the economies of whole countries, they can develop innovative technologies that will meet the demands of the marketplace better than governments. They can get themselves involved with new and experimental social programs that might meet societal needs, such as the development of organic products (Johnson, K. R. 2010). A quote, which represents this very accurately: â€Å"The social responsibilities of businessmen arise from the amount of social power that they have Whoever does not use his social power responsibly will lose it. In the long run those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it because other groups eventually will step in to assume those responsibilities. ’’ (Davis, K. 1960). Generally it is always better to remember Francis Hutcheson’s maxim, which resembles the principle of utility in that: â€Å"Action is best, which procures the greatest Happiness for the greatest Numbers; and that, worst, which, in like manner, occasions Misery.

contraversial essay Essays - Poliomyelitis, RTT, Vaccination

In ?Animal Research Saves Human Lives? Heloisa Sabin uses logos to argue that animal testing saves lives. In Sabin?s article, she stated the example of her husband using polio vaccine as her persuasion as he was one that benefited a lot from the outcome of animal testing. Her husband, Albert Sabin, inventor of oral polio vaccine, told a reporter before his death in 1993, ?There could have been no oral polio vaccine without the use of innumerable animals, a very large number of animals.? Sabin shows that polio has been eradicated in Western Hemisphere in about forty years after the polio vaccine was introduced to United State. She truly believes that the polio vaccine saves the world from the fear of the polio, therefore she repeatedly reference to reality to help her in persuading readers that animal testing is in fact an advantage. Since she shows that the information she pointed out was from the reality, not just something she made up, this makes readers easier to believe in her po int of view. In her essay ?A Question of Ethics,? Jane Goodall, uses pathos to argue that her readers have an ethical obligation to protect animals from suffering, but she also implies that it might be necessary sometimes to abandon that obligation. She points out that animals share similar traits with human beings: they have a capacity for certain human emotions, and they may be capable of legitimate friendship. Goodall?s evidence for this claim is an anecdote from her research. She recounts that one chimpanzee in her study, named David Greybeard, ?gently squeezed her hand? when she offered him food. Appealing to readers? emotions, Goodall hopes to persuade readers that the chimp is ?sociable? and ?sentient,? or feeling. According to Goodall?s logic, if researchers are careful to avoid tests that cause human suffering, they should also be careful to avoid tests that cause suffering for other life forms. By contrast, Goodall?s criterion of ?essential? testing leave open the possibility that as long as alternatives are unavailable or ineffective and as long as researchers do not differentiate among degrees of human suffering, mindless animal testing would be acceptable. Her assumption suggests that David Greybeard could suffer, for example, because inadequate computer simulations have prevented researchers from finding a cure for the common head ache or for mildly unpleasant pollen allergies. To make a more persuasive case, Goodall should define essential and nonessential human needs.

Robert Peary essays

Robert Peary essays Robert E. Peary was an explorer who lived between 1856 and 1920. He explored the North Pole after two failed attempts. He was also a native of Cresson, Pennsylvania and was born on May 6, 1856. Peary was educated at Bowdoin College, which is located in Brunswick, Maine, than served in the U.S. Navy as a civil engineer for several years in Before Peary made it to the North Pole, he made a few other discoveries. Such as the discovery in 1891 when he proved that Greenland was an Island, not a continent. This particular discovery came into effect from a prior trip to Greenland in 1886, which interested him in under-taking further expeditions to explore Arctic Regions. While on these expeditions he discovered and named Independence Bay on the north east coast of Greenland on July 4, 1892. During the years 1893 and 1897 he made many more important scientific discoveries that he published in a book in 1898 called Northward over the Great Ice. Pearys first attempt to discover the North Pole was in 1898. This trip, however, wasnt successful and he returned in 1902 after never reaching the pole. Three years later in 1905 Peary tried again to reach the North Pole. This time he sailed in the Roosevelt, which is a ship, designed to move among floes (masses of moving ice). Once they reached the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Perry and his men got off the ship and continued northward on sledges over the ice fields of the Arctic Ocean. This was his closest attempt to reaching the North Pole. In 1907 he published another book, Nearest the Pole, which told of his journey. In 1908 he began his third attempt to reach the pole. On April 6, 1909, accompanied by two Eskimos, he finally reached the pole. While there he was able to take soundings to prove that the sea, near the North Pole, isnt as shallow as what scientists believed. Just a week before Pearys return from his greatest discovery, an Americ ...

Economic events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic events - Essay Example Such historical instances of oil shocks had subsequent implications on the world’s economy in diverse ways. From observations of oil supply disruptions for over almost six decades now, from 1944, it is incontrovertible that high oil prices have been the significant cause of world’s major economic recessions. Introduction of Bretton Woods system was one of the post-war reconstruction initiatives undertaken by world leaders from over one hundred states. It is remarkable that the U.S dollar dominated during the world war for being very powerful against other currencies. The Bretton Woods system, a decision made in 1944, allowed for the exchange of different currencies. The conference also resolved to form the IMF. The World Bank was among the institutions formed during the conference. The IMF was created for the function of monitoring the different countries’ rates of exchange. It also served as an institution mandated to lend reserve currencies. The decision was to help countries with deficits to evade any circumstances that would cause devaluation of the country's currency and cause instability. The World Bank’s mandate was to issue capital needed to the underdeveloped countries as part of post-war reconstruction of the global economy. ... By the end of the second war, the U. S still experienced a relatively stable economic state compared to other countries. All the nations, therefore, decided to trade in dollar which was pegged to gold. The United States expressed its dedication to redeeming the international holdings of the dollar. The rate set was thirty-five dollars per ounce. This was the greatest reason for the stability in the financial system experienced after 1944. The gold standard set in 1944 ensured stability in the rates of exchange. Under the Bretton Woods system, there were exclusively limited conditions that would call for a reform of the value of gold in relation to the currency of any country. It led to the ceiling of the domestic money supply of every country. The 1970s, however, presented several challenges to the U.S currency following several economic conditions, which brought in many challenges to the stability of the dollar. There were the economic effects of the Vietnam War, for instance. The U .S, in 1971, made the decision that was later to have an effect on the entire world economy and cause a collapse of the stability that prevailed since 1944. Without consultations, the U.S disregarded the gold standard set in 1944. Floating rates started to function as compared to fixed rates after the uplifting of the pegging. Market trading remained the determinant of the currency value of all currencies. The effects of uplifting of the pegging on the oil price had extensive implications and were a cause of instability. Since the dollar is the global currency used in the crude oil market, a weak dollar would attract a high price of oil. An example is the high price of gasoline that

Entrepreneur Project I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneur Project I - Research Paper Example blindness and deafness); they may also suffer from several mental disorders. In addition, some of the aged may not have people to effectively take care of them as some may be living alone, either because they were not married or did not have enough savings to buy or build a house after retirement. This necessitates the need for the creation of several programs, which will specifically target the aged and ensure that the quality of the life that they lead is not compromised by the fact that they are aged. Entrepreneurs and businesses should therefore look for ways to take advantage of the situation in order to get financial benefits. For instance, different products can be devised which will mainly target the aged in the community. One such product is the establishment of a paid up aged care; this facility will be able to provide the aged with the services necessary for the improvement of the quality of their lives. Moreover, the services provided will specifically target the old and will therefore incorporate different requirements that the aged need. Due to the fact that the business targets only a specific demographic sector, the business must effectively know how to deal with the uncertainties or future changes in the demographic fraction of the population. America currently has the highest number of the aged population in history. This aged population is expected to reach about 80 million as the baby boomers start reaching the retirement age (Cress 2007 p 211). In addition, this population needs specialized care and hence providing ready demand for the company’s services. Florida has a population of about 18 million; of this population, 17.2 percent are aged above 65 years. This is far much higher than the national average of 12.9 (US censors bureau 2009). However, even though the statistics of the aged appear to be large, only a small fraction of the population is fully capable of settling their

Probiotics and Biotechnology

Probiotics and Biotechnology Probiotics and Biotechnology Bacteria are present in the gut of every one. Some of these are harmful while others are beneficial for the health of host. Normally the percentage of beneficial bacteria is more but due to antibiotic treatment and other stress conditions the balance shifts towards the harmful bacteria. Such a condition is called Dysbiosis and needs the treatment of Probiotics. Probiotics are â€Å"live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Examples are Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Bifidiobacteria, yeast and bacilli sp. The food that is beneficial for the growth of Probiotics is called Prebiotics is mostly oligosaccharides. Probiotics and Prebiotics are combinely called synbiotics. Metchnikoff was the first one who observes that it is possible to modify the gut flora. He observed that proteolytic bacteria like clostridia, produce toxic substances that cause aging but lactic acid bacteria can inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Henery Tissure isolate theBifidiobacterium bifidium from brest fed infants and he recommend these for diarrhial infected children. These protect by displacing proteolytic bacteria. Kollath use the term Probiotics for the microbially derived factors that stimulate growth. Probiotics are the beneficial microorganisms that are beneficial to the human being through certain aspects. Lactic Acid bacteria help in managing lactose intolerance. These bacteria convert lactose into digestible lactic acid. Some of the other benefits of Probiotics are as follow: * Lowering the cholesterol level by break down the bile in the gut. * Lowering the blood pressure by the production of ACE-Inhibitor like peptides. * Protect from Infections by competitive inhibition and improving immune system of the host. * Lactobacillus bulgaricus shows anti carcinogenic activity by decreasing the activity of ÃŽ ²-glucuronidase. * Block the adhesion site for the pathogens. * Probiotics provide the antagonistic enviornment for the pathogens. A good probiotic should have the following properties. Invitro adherence to the epithelial cells and anti-microbial activity. Should have resistant to bile, HCl and pancreatic juice. Immune modulation and GIT colonization. Probiotics are available in the form of dairy products, food, tablets and sachets in the market, with pescribed composition of probiotic microorganisms. Probiotics Biotechnology helps to overcome the different problems faced during their formulation into usable form. Like, stress during formulation, adjustment in new environment and to compete with existing bacteria in the body. The field of biotechnology that deals with the pathogens modifications is called Patho-Biotechnology. First goal of the biotechnology is to improve external stress tolerance, like tempreture and water. Naturally microorganism do this by accumalating compatible solute e.g betaine and trehalose. These solutes stabilized the proteins and reduce water loss. The main goal of the biotecnology is to produce compatible solute accumalating strains, Listeria monocytogens has three natural uptake systems. BetL system has been selected which is encoded by one gene, it is betaine transporter. This gene is cloned into Lactobacillus salivarius and Positive strains shows resistant towards salts and more betaine uptake. The second goal of the biotechnology is to improve the c olonization in the Gastrointestinal tract. This is acieved by cloning BetL gene into B. breve and Trehalose gene from E.coli into L.lactis. The colned strains shows tolerence to gastric juice, bile and intestinal colonization. Third goal of probiotics biotechnology is to produce the strains with increased pathogen competence. It has been observed that pathogens used oligosaccharides express on host cell as a receptors to adhere themselves. Through biotechnology approach receptor-mimic structure express strains are produce. The pathogens bind with these structures and make them harmless for host as well as probiotic strains. E.coli tha express chimeric lipopolysaccharide which is shiga toxin (Stx) receptor, only 1mg can neutralized 100ug Stx. Inaddition to the modification of existing system, artifically engineer improved systems are also used. This technique is called Direct Evolution Approach. In this approach mutant E.coli strain XL1-Red, which lack DNA repairing system. It has mutation rate 5000 times higher than the normal strain, mutation may results into improved quality strains which are selected. Like hyperproline producing E.coli is osmotolerant, produce by the mutation in the first enzyme which results into the loss of feed back inhibition and proline overproduction. Normally probiotics has no side effects but may cause infection in immunosuppressive people. If probiotics are chemically contaminated may be harmfull. So, probiotics are real gift from God and we have to care for them.