contraversial essay Essays - Poliomyelitis, RTT, Vaccination

In ?Animal Research Saves Human Lives? Heloisa Sabin uses logos to argue that animal testing saves lives. In Sabin?s article, she stated the example of her husband using polio vaccine as her persuasion as he was one that benefited a lot from the outcome of animal testing. Her husband, Albert Sabin, inventor of oral polio vaccine, told a reporter before his death in 1993, ?There could have been no oral polio vaccine without the use of innumerable animals, a very large number of animals.? Sabin shows that polio has been eradicated in Western Hemisphere in about forty years after the polio vaccine was introduced to United State. She truly believes that the polio vaccine saves the world from the fear of the polio, therefore she repeatedly reference to reality to help her in persuading readers that animal testing is in fact an advantage. Since she shows that the information she pointed out was from the reality, not just something she made up, this makes readers easier to believe in her po int of view. In her essay ?A Question of Ethics,? Jane Goodall, uses pathos to argue that her readers have an ethical obligation to protect animals from suffering, but she also implies that it might be necessary sometimes to abandon that obligation. She points out that animals share similar traits with human beings: they have a capacity for certain human emotions, and they may be capable of legitimate friendship. Goodall?s evidence for this claim is an anecdote from her research. She recounts that one chimpanzee in her study, named David Greybeard, ?gently squeezed her hand? when she offered him food. Appealing to readers? emotions, Goodall hopes to persuade readers that the chimp is ?sociable? and ?sentient,? or feeling. According to Goodall?s logic, if researchers are careful to avoid tests that cause human suffering, they should also be careful to avoid tests that cause suffering for other life forms. By contrast, Goodall?s criterion of ?essential? testing leave open the possibility that as long as alternatives are unavailable or ineffective and as long as researchers do not differentiate among degrees of human suffering, mindless animal testing would be acceptable. Her assumption suggests that David Greybeard could suffer, for example, because inadequate computer simulations have prevented researchers from finding a cure for the common head ache or for mildly unpleasant pollen allergies. To make a more persuasive case, Goodall should define essential and nonessential human needs.

Robert Peary essays

Robert Peary essays Robert E. Peary was an explorer who lived between 1856 and 1920. He explored the North Pole after two failed attempts. He was also a native of Cresson, Pennsylvania and was born on May 6, 1856. Peary was educated at Bowdoin College, which is located in Brunswick, Maine, than served in the U.S. Navy as a civil engineer for several years in Before Peary made it to the North Pole, he made a few other discoveries. Such as the discovery in 1891 when he proved that Greenland was an Island, not a continent. This particular discovery came into effect from a prior trip to Greenland in 1886, which interested him in under-taking further expeditions to explore Arctic Regions. While on these expeditions he discovered and named Independence Bay on the north east coast of Greenland on July 4, 1892. During the years 1893 and 1897 he made many more important scientific discoveries that he published in a book in 1898 called Northward over the Great Ice. Pearys first attempt to discover the North Pole was in 1898. This trip, however, wasnt successful and he returned in 1902 after never reaching the pole. Three years later in 1905 Peary tried again to reach the North Pole. This time he sailed in the Roosevelt, which is a ship, designed to move among floes (masses of moving ice). Once they reached the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Perry and his men got off the ship and continued northward on sledges over the ice fields of the Arctic Ocean. This was his closest attempt to reaching the North Pole. In 1907 he published another book, Nearest the Pole, which told of his journey. In 1908 he began his third attempt to reach the pole. On April 6, 1909, accompanied by two Eskimos, he finally reached the pole. While there he was able to take soundings to prove that the sea, near the North Pole, isnt as shallow as what scientists believed. Just a week before Pearys return from his greatest discovery, an Americ ...