Preparation and Properties of soap

Materials and Apparatus: Olive oil, 95% ethanol, recepticle, half sodium hydroxide arrangement, Boucher adjust, hot plate, salt arrangement, attractive stirrer, channel pipe, glass bar, channel paper, gauging balance, watch glass and estimating chamber. From the chart above, we can obviously observe that the ionic (exceptionally polar and charges) natures of salts makes them solvent in water. Be that as it may, the non-polar hydrocarbon (aliphatic) tail of the cleanser atoms would make them be miscible with non-polar substances and empower them to break down in water.Normally, strong cleansers are comprise of sodium salts of unsaturated fats and fluid cleansers comprise of potassium salts of unsaturated fats. Cleanser can be set up by a procedure known as detail. Generally, cleansers were made by heating up the fat of creature, lye and in a watery Noah and KOCH arrangement containing potash. Obviously, this was quite a while back before anybody had any thought of understanding the sy nthetic changes. Presently, we realize that this procedure is a response of esters with a solid base, for example, KOCH or Noah.The esters, triglycerides are the primary constituents of vegetable oil and creature fats. The triglyceride is a trim-ester join 3 long unsaturated fat hydrocarbon chain. At the point when triglyceride responds with 3 reciprocals solid fluid base arrangement, for example, Noah or KOCH, the three ester securities are hydroxide to yield 3 unsaturated fat salts (cleanser particles) and one glycerol. The determination can likewise be called â€Å"base hydrolysis†. Modernly, cleanser is made by response of Noah along with vegetable fat. It is significant to use enough Noah to ensure a total detail Of triglycerides.If there is deficient base, time and warmth gave, at that point the outcome would be fragmented determination and the cleanser item can be fragile. On the off chance that the particular is finished, Nasal is added to accelerate the cleanser. The fluid bit is emptied off. The rest of the substance would be rough cleanser which contains a few polluting influences, for example, Nasal, Noah or glycerol. In the lab, we need more an ideal opportunity to refine the unrefined cleanser. This sanitization would comprise of re-dissolving the cleanser in bubbling water and afterward cooling and hastening again by including Nasal.The cleanser in the test would be made out from olive oil, the substance structure of olive oil (C52H9606) would be this way: Procedure: 1 . About ml Olive Oil was added to a mall_ recepticle and broke up it in ml of 95% ethanol. Exorbitant oil was not used to maintain a strategic distance from extra ethanol to break up it. 2. At the point when the olive oil was totally broken up, the measuring utencil was put on the hot plate and the temperature was kept up to about ICC. The carafe was whirled to blend the arrangement. Next, ml of half Noah arrangement was poured down the glass-blending bar introduction the o il solution.A limited quantity of the Noah arrangement was streamed down the bar gradually and afterward halted to mix. At that point, somewhat more Noah was streamed in. The Noah arrangement was not filled the oil too rapidly. This was because of the explanation that pouring the Noah arrangement also rapidly Will make the oil separate from the Noah arrangement, and the last item would be disappointment. The blend was mixed until it thickened. We needed to abstain from getting a blend with 2 unmistakable layers Noah arrangement on the base and oil on the top.When 2 particular layers are framing, it was mixed vivaciously utilizing attractive stirrer until the fluids are all around mixed. 3. A little watch glass was set over the mouth of the carafe to limit vanishing of the liquor. 4. The oil-alcoholic-Noah arrangement was permitted to bubble for in any event 30 minutes. The undisclosed fat in the flagon and comprehended by including somewhat more ethanol and mixed. The temperature wa s kept sufficiently hot to have controlled bubbling of the fat arrangement. 5. While the determination continued, a salt arrangement was set up by totally dissolving go Nasal in 1 00 ml refined water in a shopping center beaker.After he salt was totally broken up, about portion of this salt arrangement was moved to another container and the two measuring glasses of salt arrangement was put on ice to cool them. 6. Following 30 minutes, the fat arrangement was tried to check whether detail was finished by putting a couple of drops of the arrangement in a test container of refined eater. At the point when the fat beads glided to the top, the determination was not finished and permitted it to bubble for an extra 10 minutes. 7. At the point when the determination was finished, the hot response blend was emptied cautiously into one measuring glass of salt arrangement and mixed for a moment or two.

Pascal free essay sample

This appraisal covers Outcomes 3 of HN Unit Managing People and Organizations (F84T 34). It depends looking into it investigation of Scotia Airways. You should answer the entirety of the accompanying inquiries, giving individual reactions to every one. As a guide, all things considered, an agreeable reaction to a solitary inquiry will be around 200-300 words long, anyway there is no compulsory word check. You may incorporate graphs or potentially tables in at least one of your reactions. On the off chance that you do as such, an appropriate going with clarification ought to be given. 1. 0 Assess the fundamental highlights of administrative work and clarify/plot the principle jobs and exercises of chiefs inside Scotia Airways. 1. 1 The Nature of Managerial Work According to McFarland, overseeing is a procedure by which capable people in an association join assets to accomplish given finishes. It can likewise be characterized as the compelling use and co-appointment of assets, for example, capital, plant, materials and work so as to accomplish characterized destinations with most extreme effectiveness. We will compose a custom paper test on Pascal or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (SQA 2013 P158) 1. 2 Roles Mintzberg 1. 2. 1 The enlightening jobs These are jobs that include accepting, scanning for, procuring and dispersing data including screen, disseminator and representative. (SQA 2013 P161) 2. 0 Describe the estimation of two components that could be utilized to gauge administrative execution and legitimize how each could be utilized to evaluate administrative execution in Scotia Airways 3. 0 Identify and clarify a conduct hypothesis of administration and feature its pertinence to Scotia Airways. 4. 0 Identify and clarify either a possibility or transformational hypothesis of authority and feature its relevance to Scotia Airways 5. 0 Given the arranged extension that Scotia have attempted, break down how speculations of administration could be utilized to improve how directors lead staff through this change.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Employment

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Employment February 09, 2020 suedhang/Cultura/Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) at work can vary, including the different ways that these symptoms can affect your job performance and ability to fit in with your coworkers. If you have BPD, you may have had work experiences that upset you, the people who worked with you, or both. If so, do you know why those upsetting events happenedâ€"how your BPD symptoms may have played a role? We could talk at length about the different ways which specific aspects of BPD may affect you job performance, but an example can illustrate these much more effectively. Perhaps this example of one persons experience with BPD at work may help you understand your own work disappointments betterâ€"and help keep you from repeating them. As you read through this example, we will put some notes in italics for you to stop and contemplate whether you have experienced something similar. Dont worry if none of this fits with your experience, however, there is plenty to learn from this example for anyoneâ€"with or without BPD. Revolving-Door Work History In our case study example, a man named Bruce who lives with BPD has a history of job changes. Over and over, hes happy at first, then less and less happy, then angry, then goes to the next job. Each time this happens, hes at a loss to understand why. Heres a look at how this happens. As you read through his story, think about how you may have faced similar experiences both at work and at play. Thinking of your own experiences and any similarities may help you both find an underlying concern, as well as begin to visualize how you could have reacted differently. You may even want to grab a piece of paper and a pen and write down anything that sounds like your own experience. With these points noted you can then picture alone, or work with your therapist, on how to make the changes necessary to make your own ending a happy ending. The New  Jobâ€"From a Happy Start to an Angry End Bruce is always very excited when he begins a new job. He tells everyone he sees how fulfilling the work is, and for the first few weeks, he cannot say enough about how much he likes his boss and coworkers. He talks up the company and shares his dreams about moving into more and more responsible roles. (Take a quick moment to picture whether you have ever felt this way when starting a new job, or even a new relationship. Have you idealized other people in the beginning?) However, after only a short time, Bruce begins to feel that his boss is out to get him. He perceives every work request or direction as unfair criticism. He also becomes increasingly frustrated about working with his coworkers. He complains about what he sees as their lackluster efforts that no one else seems to notice or care about. (Again, take a moment to think about whether this same thing has happened to you. Have you started out with high expectations only to be disenchanted with those you had at first been impressed with?) By this time, its clear to Bruce that his supervisors and coworkers dont like him and are picking on him. Eventually, Bruce comes to believe that the people at the office are trying to find reasons to fire him, and he reacts in a rage. He yells and swears at his boss while complaining about how unfair the situation is and always has been. His angry outburst and disrespect toward his boss can only end one way: Bruce is let go to search for another new job. (Yet, again, have you experienced something like this? Have you slowly become more and more angry with a boss or coworker until you simply erupt in anger?) Symptoms of BPD in the Workplace In this example, Bruce demonstrates the following symptoms of BPD at work: Intense/Unstable Interpersonal RelationshipsBruce’s initial feelings towards his coworkers and boss are intense and idealized. He sees them as doing no wrong and as strong allies who like and support him. However, these feelings soon give way to negative, critical thoughts. Now Bruce sees nothing positive about the people he works with, instead, experiencing them as hostile backstabbers. The idealization phase eventually leads to devaluation. This devaluation may occur slowly over time, or more often, rapidly in response due to an overpowering sense of rejection (abandonment sensitivity.)??SplittingWhen Bruce’s perception changes from appreciation to devaluation, the shift from good to bad thoughts in total. Consumed by his anger, he is unable to recall that he ever felt differently. Splitting is a defense mechanism common in people with BPD.?? Instead of seeing another person as primarily good with a few bad traits, the shift to bad person is complete in an effort to avoid the p ossibility of rejection. Because the majority (likely all) of people have some bad traits mixed with the good, this shift often occurs in time no matter who the boss, coworkers, or friend, happens to be. If youre wondering if you ever experience splitting, think about whether you use these terms in regard to relationships: always, never, perfect, impossible, ruined, terrible, and awful. This kind of language often signifies that splitting has occurred. Sensitivity to RejectionBruce’s excessive sensitivity to what he experiences as rejection triggers thoughts that his boss and coworkers dont like him and are trying to get him fired. His attitude toward his work and colleagues spirals downward until, as before, hes let go. Was Bruce justified in the way he felt? What his boss and coworkers actually thought about him as he grew increasingly upset and angry cant be known. Its likely, however, that their actions toward Bruce had little to do with the negative way he perceived them. Living With Borderline Personality Disorder If you saw yourself in this example, you may be wondering how things could be different. In truth, there is a lot that you can do which can help you cope with the symptoms of BPD. Part of the process lies in beginning to recognize the patterns in your behavior. Recognizing these patterns wont necessarily change what you feel inside. You may still want to essentially run away and declare a boss awful if an action at work triggers your fear of abandonment. Yet you can learn new ways to react which can result in different endings. The first step is to find a therapist who you feel comfortable with. Just as with other relationships, finding a therapist can be challenging. Many people with BPD go through the same type of cycle mentioned above with a therapist, first idealizing the therapist and then if something triggers their sense of abandonment, begin to strongly dislike the therapist. Its important to consider this if you begin to have any negative feelings during your therapy. This is very worthwhile. Both short term and long term therapy have been found to improve the ability to work for people living with BPD. You may also wish to begin learning about how to avoid BPD triggers, and how to manage triggers when they occur. In addition to work in therapy, self-care for BPD is critical in coping with the disorder. Check out these coping skills for BPD which can help you whether at work or in your relationships.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the Raise Essay

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as mental health disorder triggered by a terrifying event (Mayo Clinic). This ordeal could be the result of some sort of physical harm or threat to the individual, family members, friends or even strangers (NIMH). While PTSD is typically associated with someone who has served in the military, it can affect more than just that genre of individuals. It could affect rape victims, victims in a terrorist or natural disaster incident, nurses, doctors, and police and fire personnel and bystanders. PTSD can manifest itself in many forms. The primary signs and symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder include but are not limited to re-experiencing symptoms (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening†¦show more content†¦Of those who do, 8% of men and 20% of women will develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (August 2013). A study was done on 810 nurses from a University hospital by having them fill out a detailed questionnaire. Of the 810 nurses, 332 responded by completing their questionnaire. The results showed that 22% had symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and 61% met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD (Depressed Anxiety, 2009). This study shows a high rate of PTSD among nurses but the percentages could be higher due to many not reporting or admitting they have symptoms. Another study done in Australia showed that nurses in remote areas are more likely to experience violent crimes in the workplace which can lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In this study 349 nurses working in remote areas of Australia responded. 88.5% were female in the age range of 20-68 years. In the 12 months preceding the survey, the workplace violence incidents that were the highest are verbal aggression (79.5%), property damage (31.6%), and physical violence (28.6%) (trends in workplace violence in remote areas). This survey provides a statistically significant correlation between workplace violence and PTSD symptoms. It is n o surprise that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the rise and is considered an occupational hazard for nurses. The National Institute of Mental Health calculates that 7.7 million adults or 3.5 % of the adult populationShow MoreRelatedKurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five -- A Great American Novel1383 Words   |  6 PagesAfter serving in World War Two, Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse-Five about his experiences through Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist in the novel. Slaughterhouse-Five is a dark novel about war and death. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disease that inflicts people who endured a traumatic event. Some of the common symptoms include flashbacks and creating alternate worlds which Billy Pilgrim experienced various times throughout Slaughterhouse-Five. Billy Pilgrim believes he has become â€Å"unstuckRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1271 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder commonly known as PTSD is a mental illnes s that forms when one has experienced a traumatic event or an overwhelming event in one’s life. PTSD can have a severe impact on the nervous system. The nervous system can become stuck in the stressful situation and it will be unable to return to its normal state. PTSD has many symptoms such as avoidance, isolation and flashbacks. There are a few treatments for PTSD available and these include medications and therapy. EvenRead MorePaper1098 Words   |  5 PagesMental and substance use disorders account for about 7 ·4% of the global burden of disease (Whiteford et al., 2013). These mental disorders include various mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders such as alcohol abuse. A study analysing the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys found that post-traumatic stress disorder had one of the strongest associationsRead MoreDreami ng and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Connection974 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction According to the dictionary diagnosis in PsychCentral, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is defined as a â€Å"debilitating mental disorder that follows experiencing or witnessing an extremely traumatic, tragic, or terrifying event† (PTSD Info Treatment, 2013). While this definition describes the general definition of PTSD, the DSM-IV states that the criteria for being diagnosed with PTSD varies between a person who â€Å"experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involvedRead MoreThe Life of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Essay examples1509 Words   |  7 Pages Post-traumatic Stress disorder is exactly what it sounds like. 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By understanding the causes and symptoms of PTSD, it can be properly diagnosed and treated, stopping this cycle of dysfunction. During the Holocaust, Nazi Germany attempted to exterminateRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse The condition once known as multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a very real psychological phenomenon that until recently was mis-understood and often mis-diagnosed. Dissociative identity disorder, DID, as we now call it, is a mental illness where a persons thoughts, feelings, and memories are scattered throughout two or more separate personalities within the victims mind (Appelbaum 107). In 1973 perhaps the worlds most famous psychiatricRead MoreFree Counseling For Freedom : The United States Department Of Veterans932 Words   |  4 Pagesreleased a sobering statistic: every eighty minutes, a military veteran commits suicide† (Mccarl and Lindsay 395). 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Essay on Language Reform in Modern China - 2292 Words

1. What have been the major issues in language reform in modern China? How have these related to wider political and social changes such as the rise of nationalism, the communist revolution, etc.? Give concrete examples to justify your opinion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Introduction The Chinese language has changed significantly since the Qing Dynasty. Language is closely linked to social aspects of a society, and China is not an exception. During the last three hundred years China has gotten rid of its dynasty and changed to a communist state. These political changes led to major reforms in the Chinese language, and the three most important ones have been reforms towards a new modern written- and spoken†¦show more content†¦As Sang Bing explains it â€Å"But in order to unify the spoken and written languages, the former must itself be unified: people must make the same sound before using the same word†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It would cause estrangement, if not division, if everyone wrote phonetically what he spoke† (Bing, 2013). China’s vernacular language would therefore be pointless if it was not for the changes made to guoyo in the same period. Script reform Many scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century blamed the slow growth and backwardness of China, on the Chinese language. They believed that Chinese, due to its logographic writing, caused illiteracy and an overall less educated population (Chen, 1994). It was believed it was too difficult to master reading and writing it, and that in order to modernize China, the traditional logographic writing had to be replaced with Latin letters (Bing, 2013). This idea has later been questioned by arguing that illiteracy is result of the failure of the education system and not the language (Bing, 2013). 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Models of Writing Free Essays

Writing can be an intimidating task.   Many people of all ages will admit to avoiding and even fearing the writing process.   For some reason, the task seems daunting, so methods have been adapted to help ease the process for those that struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The five step writing process is typically composed of some derivation of the following steps:   prewriting, planning, drafting, revising, and proofreading.   These steps are widely taught in classrooms from the elementary school level through post graduate work.   The depth of each level is the thing that differs as writers grow and mature. Similar essay: Principles of Good Writing by L.A. Hill Summary The prewriting phase involves the production of ideas and even strategies for later writing of the essay.   This can include using one of many types of graphic organizers such as bubble charts or outlining techniques.   It can also be less organized like brainstorming lists or even random thoughts.   The prewriting phase is a time to explore all facets of an idea without judging or commitment.   During this phase, the writer will find a topic and create his questions for research.   In conducting his research, whether it be formal or informal, he will discover the answers to his questions. Thus the next sequential stage of writing is the planning stage.   Here the writer accumulates all of the information necessary and begins to sort it into categories.   This coincides with the text’s second step of finding and evaluating information from various sources.   Here the writer is still gather information without being certain exactly which he will use. These first two steps correlate with McQuinn and Roach’s first step in their writing process which is the idea step.   According to their website, â€Å"ideas are the heart of the message, the content of the piece, the main theme, together with the details (documented support, elaboration, anecdotes, images) that enrich and develop that theme by building understanding or holding a reader’s attention.†Ã‚   Here the writer comes up with the central focus of his work and gather information to support it.   This information may be anecdotal, research-oriented, observed or simply created.   The ideas are important to the process because they allow for wide-ranging creativity from the writer. The third step in the general writing process is drafting.   The text suggests taking notes from the sources and making a formal outline.   It is at this point that the final decisions are made as to what information should be included.   It is important to note that a draft is not a final copy.   Many students of writing make that mistake.   The drafts are sometimes a type of trial and error routine.   Several drafts may be necessary before the writer becomes satisfied with the content of the essay. This stage correlates with the organization stage of McQuinn and Roach.   They note that organization is the â€Å"internal structure† of a piece which includes is central message and the flow of ideas seamlessly from one to another.   This particular process offers that a well-organized piece of writing will begin with a strong opening and conclude with a powerful conclusion, with many developed and stimulating ideas in between.   Of course the writer will have had to already choose his content in order to accomplish this type of structure in his writing. After the drafting stage, the writer must undertake the process of revising.   The revision stage is one that involves many steps.   The paper must be examined for its content, its logical progression, its flow of ideas, its choice of words, phrasing, and overall impact.   The revising stage is much like the drafting stage because each revision is simply a new draft.   Until the revision stage is complete, the drafting stage is not. McQuinn and Roach’s fourth and fifth area are called word choice and sentence fluency.   These two ideas are key to the revision process.   Word choice has to do with, as the name suggests, the careful choosing of the most perfect words to express meaning.   Sentence fluency is the smoothness and fluidity with which the sentences in the writing roll seamlessly from one to another. According to McQuinn and Roach, â€Å"word choice is the use of rich, colorful, precise language that moves and enlightens the reader. It is the love of language, a passion for words, combined with a skill in choosing words that creates just the right mood, impression, or image in the heart and mind of the reader.†Ã‚   To accomplish this is to really wrestle with words until the most perfect choices are made.   Likewise, sentence fluency focuses on the sounds of the sentences.   This forces the writer to consider sound devices such as rhyme, alliteration, creative phrasing, sentence structure, complexity and length.   The sentences will read, in some cases, like music. Finally, the writer has achieved a focused, organized and creatively crafted piece.   He has one more step to complete.   This step is the revision step.   This step demands that the writer proofread his paper to ensure that the conventions of the English language are followed.   This gives the writer and the writing legitimacy.   The reader recognizes that his writing will be more powerful if it is also correct in its use of punctuation, usage, spelling and other such conventions.   While proofreading may be less creative than the stylistic drafting of the piece, it is nevertheless a vital step in the whole of the writing process. While most process driven models of writing end here, the McQuinn and Roach model includes another area.   This area is that of voice.   They note that voice is the heart and soul of a piece, the magic, the wit. It is the writer’s unique and personal expression emerging through words. Voice is the presence of the writer on the page. When the writer’s passion for the topic and concern for the audience are strong, the text dances with life and energy, and the reader feels a strong and intimate connection to both the writing and the writer. Voice is a more abstract tenet of writing, one that is harder to explain and harder yet to produce. Voice pervades all writing, but not all voice is unique or engaging or even literate.   Many writers take years to produce a recognizable voice.   Some students never learn it.   However, voice is the quality that separates adequate and good writing from great and enlightened writing, yet it is the most elusive quality of all. The process described in the text and the process designed by McQuinn and Roach have many structural similarities.   They both depend on good ideas, organization, drafting, revising and proofreading.   However, the McQuinn and Roach model go beyond this to demand an element of uniqueness, of style, from the writers.   This style is very difficult to teach.   For this reason, it is much more difficult to use. A student of writing would find the text much easier to follow.   The steps are well-defining, and a student who carefully follows them will produce a good piece of writing.   The steps are easy to repeat and practice, and they can be applied to many situations. However, a student who has mastered this type of writing and desire another level to his work will find McQuinn and Roach an excellent step in this direction.   While the tutorial on their website cannot guarantee that one will become a stylist, it gives a mature writer more dimensions with which to experiment in his writing.   Word choice, sentence fluency and voice are all components of this dimension.   Merely good writing can exist without them, but great writing can only emerge with them.   Thus, the user-friendliness of these two models will depend on the level of adequacy that the writer has achieved. References McQuinn, C. Roach, M.   The Writing Process. WORDSMITH A GUIDE to College Writing 3RD EDITON    How to cite Models of Writing, Essay examples

The only responsibility of business is to increase its profits free essay sample

Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main goal. Corporate social responsibility has many definitions, as its interpretation is quite loose, so I have chosen one that relates the most to this essay, given by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, in 2000: â€Å"Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large† (Dahlsrud, A.2006). In Milton Friedman’s article The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Friedman’s central message is that the main responsibility for a business is to create wealth; and that the corporation is an instrument of maximising profit and that their priorities should be to maximise shareholder value, have a high competitive advantage and use whatever means, as long as it remains legal, to increase their sales and profitability. In this essay I will be arguing to what extent I agree with Milton Friedman’s claim â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits†(Friedman, Milton. 1970) and then I will reach a conclusion in which I will give my own point of view on the topic. On one hand, I agree with certain concepts related to Friedman’s claim. Firstly, and most importantly, any executive of a big corporation has direct responsibilities to its owners, which would be its stockholders. Friedman argues that â€Å"to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom (Friedman, Milton. 1970). Shareholder’s main role is to hire executives, that they will then expect to act as their agent. Therefore if they go against their will, by performing actions that do not comply with their main objectives, would be in itself unethical, as it would go against their freedom of choice. Friedman argues that executives should not be spending a company’s resources on social causes the shareholders would not support, because it is effectively like imposing taxes on the stockholders and would provide lower profits (Cosans. C, 2008). Friedman proposes as examples that abstaining from a price increase to help prevent inflation, reducing pollution by more than it needs to be, to the point where it conflicts with the interests of the corporation and at the expense of corporate profits, to help improve the environment could go against the stockholders goals (Mulligan, T.1886). Consequently, executives spending corporate resources on social causes, that are not compatible with stockholder’s objectives, simply because the executives has his own personal ethical agenda, is a violation of trust, as the executive is not doing what he has been hired to do in the first place. Secondly, Friedman argues that spending money and resources on social interest should be the function of the government, through taxation and not of the executives in a company (Mulligan, T. 1886). For example if a company decides that it wants to lower its CO2 emission, to support the fight against global warming and that subsequently it leads to an increase in price of their product, it can be argued that this is like an indirect tax for consumers: â€Å"He is in effect imposing taxes, on the one hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent. † (Friedman, Milton. 1970). This is unfair since it constitutes taxation without representation. Furthermore, it is unconstitutional that executives act as civil servants, without having been elected through a political process. Since, if anyone should have the power to impose taxes and make expenditures to promote social objectives, it shouldn’t be corporations but the government, as they have the resources and knowledge to make these kinds of decisions that could potentially have an impact on all our lives. Friedman argues, â€Å"Business professionals have neither the power nor possibly even the knowledge necessary to address larger societal problems, even if they wanted to† (Friedman, Milton. 1970). An example he refers to is the fact that business professionals are not in a position to fight inflation, where factors, such  as money supply and aggregate demand need to be considered. Overall it is investing governmental power in a person who has no general mandate to govern and why should we allow unelected companies to determine our social values and to take over the role of elected government. Thirdly, the process is undemocratic, as there are no checks and balances to monitor these corporations and the major decisions that they are making, that are going to impact our society, also the decision process is very much kept behind ‘closed doors’, unlike how the government operates. This leaves more opportunity for corruption and illegal behavior. Even though there are organizations, such as the World trade Organization and the Office of Fair Trading, loopholes always seem to be found. For example, a recent report by Members of Parliament, last year claimed that the Office of Fair Trading had failed to stop money lenders ripping off customers, and this mistake cost borrowers ? 450 million a year (The Mirror, 2013). The fact that businesses are able to persuade law makers â€Å"to pass laws that allows them to do an activity that would otherwise not be allowed†(Cosans, C.2008), for the purpose of increasing businesses profits, raises doubt on whether the corporation will only act in a ethical manner for their own purposes and won’t be able to anticipate the social consequences of their actions. An example to show how corporations could act in a socially responsible way for their own benefit would be, if a firm implemented tougher environmental standards, simply to eliminate smaller firms that could not afford the same stricter standards (Johnson, K. R. 2010). Corporations are not representative of society at large, but merely a small, narrow political constituency. As G. E. Moore once said: â€Å"to act with perfect certainty, we would need to know all the events which will be in any way affected by our action throughout an infinite future(Moore, G. E. 1903). In his essay, Milton Friedman emphasises that corporations should â€Å"use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud†(Friedman, Milton.1970). Therefore, it is more beneficial for companies to concentrate on making profit, as long as it remains in a legal manner and letting the government be in charge of imposing taxes and keeping the businesses in check, since corporate social responsibility ‘‘asks corporations to work against their natural genetic makeup and managers and employees to work at cross-purposes’’(Friedman, Milton. 1970). On the other hand, it can be argued that corporate social responsibility brings many benefits to society and corporations themselves and therefore there are some flaws with Friedman’s stance on the main objectives for businesses. For enterprises to fully meet their social responsibilities, they â€Å"should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders†. (European Commission, 2011). It is essential that corporations follow rules beyond the ones that are codified into laws (Friedman, J. 2013). Firstly, and most importantly, a company that is not socially responsible, and does not include it within their main goals can have detrimental consequences on people; society and I would go as far as to say the world. Kant’s second formulation of the categorical imperative ‘‘act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only’’ (Kant, I. 1785, p.46) comes to mind as an ethic that more businesses should possess. There have been multiple occurrences, where corporations have acted in ways that go against corporate social responsibility, to the extent where lives have been lost or put in danger, for the mere reason to increase their profit. An example of this, in 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, which lead to the immediate death of 3,800 people and caused significant morbidity and premature death for many more. The company, Union Carbide Corporations, involved in what became renown as the worst industrial accident in history, tried to dissociate itself from legal responsibility and eventually settled a payment of $470 million in compensation, which did in no way cover the negative externalities it had caused, such as the long-term health consequences. (Broughton, E. 2005). Furthermore there are still many issues where corporations use their monetary resources to influence the law, in ways, which will mostly benefit them. For example, in 1996, health insurance companies’ successfully lobbied Congress to drop a bill that had passed the Senate that required them to offer the same coverage for mental and physical health (Lueck, S. 2008). Even though it could be argued from Friedman’s perspective that it was ethical for the companies to increase their profits by not covering mental health since it wasn’t illegal, it led to health insurance companies acting in unethical way that left citizens having to deal with higher health costs, which is something that all citizens have to pay. This can be related to the Stakeholder theory (1930), which states that â€Å"in making decisions, management should calculate the implications on all parties that the business is affecting or that is affected by, such as the Stakeholders, and act to advance the greater interest† (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009,) Secondly, while it is normal for any business to have profit as one of their priorities, as it wouldn’t be sustainable otherwise, there is also a need for them to consider non-monetary factors in their decision-making. Firstly for the company’s stockholders, since they wouldn’t want their company to make money by producing a product that they believed to be unethical or potentially harmful. â€Å"Hence, the executive must exercise judgment to determine when an action would displease the typical stockholder despite its profitability†(Cosans, C. 2008). Since shareholders are also human beings, they wouldn’t want basic ethical principles to be broken. For example, Enron Corporation lied about its profits and concealed their debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts, to increase the value of their stocks. This was clearly deceitful to the stockholders, as Enron lost their money by lying to them and making them invest more (Barry and Shaw, 2001, p. 212). This can also be seen in a more recent story, where many Walmart shareholders voted against the current CEO because of their handling of bribery charges and working conditions in factories in the companys supply chain. Thirdly, if a company treats its employees in an unethical manner, there is always the chance that they will then do the same and start becoming dishonest. For example, they could try to go against their own company and help competing firms. Furthermore employees nowadays expect more than just a paycheck, they want to feel that they are working for a company that is doing ‘good’ for the community and therefore having good ethics can also  help motivate the workers to do well and be more involved in the business, it has been shown that employees who work for enlightened organizations tend to exhibit increased job satisfaction (Cosans, C. 2008). Hence, it could be suggested that it may be profitable for a company to spend resources in an ethical way, which could be helping with certain world problems or even the community, as they will attract employees who have high morals and work ethic themselves. Fourthly, consumers nowadays tend to prefer products, which possess certain attributes, such as quality, safety, and value. Not only consumers, but also communities often want companies to do more than what is required. Thus having a good set of ethics could lead to a company having higher sales, customer loyalty, a better reputation, more efficient operations, cooperation from local communities and even more (Cosans, C. 2008). Corporations can identify and respond to the demands of the marketplace, whilst making their activities socially responsible as its long-term profits can be negatively or positively influenced by its ethical stance or its attitude towards its social responsibility. A firm which exploits cheap labour in the Least Developed Countries, such as Nike and its sweatshops, may find that it loses part of its customer-base, it may also find it harder to get governments’ contracts or support, and may have problems recruiting new employees, all of which will have a dampening impact on long- term profitability. There are always social constraints on how far a firm can go in persisting profits and it is part of the implicit contract between society and the firm, where we the government and community provide a legal and economic framework in which you can operate but in return we expect certain standards of behaviour to be followed. Businesses are important in different ways, â€Å"such as creating wealth, providing goods and services in an efficient and fair way, at the same time respecting the dignity and the inalienable and fundamental rights of the individual. † (Mele, D. 2002). In conclusion, if one adopts a narrow interpretation of social responsibility, of the costs of producing goods and services, ignoring social costs and only considering the short-term perspective on the drive for profits then Friedman may be right. However businesses have a responsibility to adapt their behaviours accordingly if it wishes to survive in the long-term. Friedman wrote his essay 40 years ago, and since then many factors have changed in fundamental ways and nowadays people expect more of businesses to be corporately socially responsible (Friedman, J. 2013). And even though any business, that wants to be sustained over time, must maximize its profits, it should be done in a manner that meets the needs of the stakeholders. Corporations are very powerful and some are worth more than the economies of whole countries, they can develop innovative technologies that will meet the demands of the marketplace better than governments. They can get themselves involved with new and experimental social programs that might meet societal needs, such as the development of organic products (Johnson, K. R. 2010). A quote, which represents this very accurately: â€Å"The social responsibilities of businessmen arise from the amount of social power that they have Whoever does not use his social power responsibly will lose it. In the long run those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it because other groups eventually will step in to assume those responsibilities. ’’ (Davis, K. 1960). Generally it is always better to remember Francis Hutcheson’s maxim, which resembles the principle of utility in that: â€Å"Action is best, which procures the greatest Happiness for the greatest Numbers; and that, worst, which, in like manner, occasions Misery.

contraversial essay Essays - Poliomyelitis, RTT, Vaccination

In ?Animal Research Saves Human Lives? Heloisa Sabin uses logos to argue that animal testing saves lives. In Sabin?s article, she stated the example of her husband using polio vaccine as her persuasion as he was one that benefited a lot from the outcome of animal testing. Her husband, Albert Sabin, inventor of oral polio vaccine, told a reporter before his death in 1993, ?There could have been no oral polio vaccine without the use of innumerable animals, a very large number of animals.? Sabin shows that polio has been eradicated in Western Hemisphere in about forty years after the polio vaccine was introduced to United State. She truly believes that the polio vaccine saves the world from the fear of the polio, therefore she repeatedly reference to reality to help her in persuading readers that animal testing is in fact an advantage. Since she shows that the information she pointed out was from the reality, not just something she made up, this makes readers easier to believe in her po int of view. In her essay ?A Question of Ethics,? Jane Goodall, uses pathos to argue that her readers have an ethical obligation to protect animals from suffering, but she also implies that it might be necessary sometimes to abandon that obligation. She points out that animals share similar traits with human beings: they have a capacity for certain human emotions, and they may be capable of legitimate friendship. Goodall?s evidence for this claim is an anecdote from her research. She recounts that one chimpanzee in her study, named David Greybeard, ?gently squeezed her hand? when she offered him food. Appealing to readers? emotions, Goodall hopes to persuade readers that the chimp is ?sociable? and ?sentient,? or feeling. According to Goodall?s logic, if researchers are careful to avoid tests that cause human suffering, they should also be careful to avoid tests that cause suffering for other life forms. By contrast, Goodall?s criterion of ?essential? testing leave open the possibility that as long as alternatives are unavailable or ineffective and as long as researchers do not differentiate among degrees of human suffering, mindless animal testing would be acceptable. Her assumption suggests that David Greybeard could suffer, for example, because inadequate computer simulations have prevented researchers from finding a cure for the common head ache or for mildly unpleasant pollen allergies. To make a more persuasive case, Goodall should define essential and nonessential human needs.

Robert Peary essays

Robert Peary essays Robert E. Peary was an explorer who lived between 1856 and 1920. He explored the North Pole after two failed attempts. He was also a native of Cresson, Pennsylvania and was born on May 6, 1856. Peary was educated at Bowdoin College, which is located in Brunswick, Maine, than served in the U.S. Navy as a civil engineer for several years in Before Peary made it to the North Pole, he made a few other discoveries. Such as the discovery in 1891 when he proved that Greenland was an Island, not a continent. This particular discovery came into effect from a prior trip to Greenland in 1886, which interested him in under-taking further expeditions to explore Arctic Regions. While on these expeditions he discovered and named Independence Bay on the north east coast of Greenland on July 4, 1892. During the years 1893 and 1897 he made many more important scientific discoveries that he published in a book in 1898 called Northward over the Great Ice. Pearys first attempt to discover the North Pole was in 1898. This trip, however, wasnt successful and he returned in 1902 after never reaching the pole. Three years later in 1905 Peary tried again to reach the North Pole. This time he sailed in the Roosevelt, which is a ship, designed to move among floes (masses of moving ice). Once they reached the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Perry and his men got off the ship and continued northward on sledges over the ice fields of the Arctic Ocean. This was his closest attempt to reaching the North Pole. In 1907 he published another book, Nearest the Pole, which told of his journey. In 1908 he began his third attempt to reach the pole. On April 6, 1909, accompanied by two Eskimos, he finally reached the pole. While there he was able to take soundings to prove that the sea, near the North Pole, isnt as shallow as what scientists believed. Just a week before Pearys return from his greatest discovery, an Americ ...

Economic events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic events - Essay Example Such historical instances of oil shocks had subsequent implications on the world’s economy in diverse ways. From observations of oil supply disruptions for over almost six decades now, from 1944, it is incontrovertible that high oil prices have been the significant cause of world’s major economic recessions. Introduction of Bretton Woods system was one of the post-war reconstruction initiatives undertaken by world leaders from over one hundred states. It is remarkable that the U.S dollar dominated during the world war for being very powerful against other currencies. The Bretton Woods system, a decision made in 1944, allowed for the exchange of different currencies. The conference also resolved to form the IMF. The World Bank was among the institutions formed during the conference. The IMF was created for the function of monitoring the different countries’ rates of exchange. It also served as an institution mandated to lend reserve currencies. The decision was to help countries with deficits to evade any circumstances that would cause devaluation of the country's currency and cause instability. The World Bank’s mandate was to issue capital needed to the underdeveloped countries as part of post-war reconstruction of the global economy. ... By the end of the second war, the U. S still experienced a relatively stable economic state compared to other countries. All the nations, therefore, decided to trade in dollar which was pegged to gold. The United States expressed its dedication to redeeming the international holdings of the dollar. The rate set was thirty-five dollars per ounce. This was the greatest reason for the stability in the financial system experienced after 1944. The gold standard set in 1944 ensured stability in the rates of exchange. Under the Bretton Woods system, there were exclusively limited conditions that would call for a reform of the value of gold in relation to the currency of any country. It led to the ceiling of the domestic money supply of every country. The 1970s, however, presented several challenges to the U.S currency following several economic conditions, which brought in many challenges to the stability of the dollar. There were the economic effects of the Vietnam War, for instance. The U .S, in 1971, made the decision that was later to have an effect on the entire world economy and cause a collapse of the stability that prevailed since 1944. Without consultations, the U.S disregarded the gold standard set in 1944. Floating rates started to function as compared to fixed rates after the uplifting of the pegging. Market trading remained the determinant of the currency value of all currencies. The effects of uplifting of the pegging on the oil price had extensive implications and were a cause of instability. Since the dollar is the global currency used in the crude oil market, a weak dollar would attract a high price of oil. An example is the high price of gasoline that

Entrepreneur Project I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneur Project I - Research Paper Example blindness and deafness); they may also suffer from several mental disorders. In addition, some of the aged may not have people to effectively take care of them as some may be living alone, either because they were not married or did not have enough savings to buy or build a house after retirement. This necessitates the need for the creation of several programs, which will specifically target the aged and ensure that the quality of the life that they lead is not compromised by the fact that they are aged. Entrepreneurs and businesses should therefore look for ways to take advantage of the situation in order to get financial benefits. For instance, different products can be devised which will mainly target the aged in the community. One such product is the establishment of a paid up aged care; this facility will be able to provide the aged with the services necessary for the improvement of the quality of their lives. Moreover, the services provided will specifically target the old and will therefore incorporate different requirements that the aged need. Due to the fact that the business targets only a specific demographic sector, the business must effectively know how to deal with the uncertainties or future changes in the demographic fraction of the population. America currently has the highest number of the aged population in history. This aged population is expected to reach about 80 million as the baby boomers start reaching the retirement age (Cress 2007 p 211). In addition, this population needs specialized care and hence providing ready demand for the company’s services. Florida has a population of about 18 million; of this population, 17.2 percent are aged above 65 years. This is far much higher than the national average of 12.9 (US censors bureau 2009). However, even though the statistics of the aged appear to be large, only a small fraction of the population is fully capable of settling their

Probiotics and Biotechnology

Probiotics and Biotechnology Probiotics and Biotechnology Bacteria are present in the gut of every one. Some of these are harmful while others are beneficial for the health of host. Normally the percentage of beneficial bacteria is more but due to antibiotic treatment and other stress conditions the balance shifts towards the harmful bacteria. Such a condition is called Dysbiosis and needs the treatment of Probiotics. Probiotics are â€Å"live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Examples are Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Bifidiobacteria, yeast and bacilli sp. The food that is beneficial for the growth of Probiotics is called Prebiotics is mostly oligosaccharides. Probiotics and Prebiotics are combinely called synbiotics. Metchnikoff was the first one who observes that it is possible to modify the gut flora. He observed that proteolytic bacteria like clostridia, produce toxic substances that cause aging but lactic acid bacteria can inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Henery Tissure isolate theBifidiobacterium bifidium from brest fed infants and he recommend these for diarrhial infected children. These protect by displacing proteolytic bacteria. Kollath use the term Probiotics for the microbially derived factors that stimulate growth. Probiotics are the beneficial microorganisms that are beneficial to the human being through certain aspects. Lactic Acid bacteria help in managing lactose intolerance. These bacteria convert lactose into digestible lactic acid. Some of the other benefits of Probiotics are as follow: * Lowering the cholesterol level by break down the bile in the gut. * Lowering the blood pressure by the production of ACE-Inhibitor like peptides. * Protect from Infections by competitive inhibition and improving immune system of the host. * Lactobacillus bulgaricus shows anti carcinogenic activity by decreasing the activity of ÃŽ ²-glucuronidase. * Block the adhesion site for the pathogens. * Probiotics provide the antagonistic enviornment for the pathogens. A good probiotic should have the following properties. Invitro adherence to the epithelial cells and anti-microbial activity. Should have resistant to bile, HCl and pancreatic juice. Immune modulation and GIT colonization. Probiotics are available in the form of dairy products, food, tablets and sachets in the market, with pescribed composition of probiotic microorganisms. Probiotics Biotechnology helps to overcome the different problems faced during their formulation into usable form. Like, stress during formulation, adjustment in new environment and to compete with existing bacteria in the body. The field of biotechnology that deals with the pathogens modifications is called Patho-Biotechnology. First goal of the biotechnology is to improve external stress tolerance, like tempreture and water. Naturally microorganism do this by accumalating compatible solute e.g betaine and trehalose. These solutes stabilized the proteins and reduce water loss. The main goal of the biotecnology is to produce compatible solute accumalating strains, Listeria monocytogens has three natural uptake systems. BetL system has been selected which is encoded by one gene, it is betaine transporter. This gene is cloned into Lactobacillus salivarius and Positive strains shows resistant towards salts and more betaine uptake. The second goal of the biotechnology is to improve the c olonization in the Gastrointestinal tract. This is acieved by cloning BetL gene into B. breve and Trehalose gene from E.coli into L.lactis. The colned strains shows tolerence to gastric juice, bile and intestinal colonization. Third goal of probiotics biotechnology is to produce the strains with increased pathogen competence. It has been observed that pathogens used oligosaccharides express on host cell as a receptors to adhere themselves. Through biotechnology approach receptor-mimic structure express strains are produce. The pathogens bind with these structures and make them harmless for host as well as probiotic strains. E.coli tha express chimeric lipopolysaccharide which is shiga toxin (Stx) receptor, only 1mg can neutralized 100ug Stx. Inaddition to the modification of existing system, artifically engineer improved systems are also used. This technique is called Direct Evolution Approach. In this approach mutant E.coli strain XL1-Red, which lack DNA repairing system. It has mutation rate 5000 times higher than the normal strain, mutation may results into improved quality strains which are selected. Like hyperproline producing E.coli is osmotolerant, produce by the mutation in the first enzyme which results into the loss of feed back inhibition and proline overproduction. Normally probiotics has no side effects but may cause infection in immunosuppressive people. If probiotics are chemically contaminated may be harmfull. So, probiotics are real gift from God and we have to care for them.

Scholarship Program At Basic Successes And Challenges Education Essay

I. Introduction1.1 Socio economic in Cambodia after 1979The civil war has jeopardized the societal and economic development of Cambodia. Most of the societal constructions and rural substructures were wholly destroyed during Khmer Rouge, particularly educational sector, which is the most of import for developing the state ( Duggan, 1996, p.363 ) . Furthermore, Socio-economic environment for most of families after Khmer Rouge was frequently really hard for directing kids to school ( Ayres, 2000, p. 156 ) . In 1994, the state had about 5.2 million people below age 15 or about 47 per centum of the entire population. The size had been little down to around 5.1 million in 2004 and its portion of the entire population had fallen to 38 per centum. These alterations in the population construction have foremost affected the demand for primary and secondary schools. Some 3.7 million – 55 per centum, of the population aged 5-24 old ages were enrolled in the formal school system in 2004 – increased from 46 per centum in 1999. Adult literacy rate, population aged 15 and over, is 60 per centum for adult females and 80 per centum for work forces. The same survey stated that 43 per centum of adult females aged 25 and over have none or merely some instruction ( non completed foremost grade ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nis.gov.kh/cambodia socio-economic study 2004 ) . Since 1980 there was a 15-year period with high birthrate and strong population addition. After 1995 there has been a rapid diminution in birthrate and mortality. Harmonizing to the population projection the Kampuchean population was predicted to be 15 million in 2010 ( National Institute of Statistics of Ministry of Planning, 2009, pp. 5 ) . â€Å" Educational disbursals per pupil for one school twelvemonth include school fees, tuition, text editions, other school supplies, gifts to instructors, and part to edifice financess. Households estimate educational disbursals to below 50,000 riels ( US $ 10 ) for pre-school and primary school pupils, for upper secondary to 393,000 riels ( merely below US $ 100 ) , for technical/vocational 1.1 million riels ( merely above US $ 250 ) , and for university 2.1 million riels ( merely above US $ 500 ) † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nis.gov.kh/cambodia socio-economic study 2004 )1.2 History of Kampuchean Education after 1979Following adviser from UNICEF to supervising Cambodia instruction in 1980 identified there were chief three dimensions including crisis of qualify – deficit of qualified instructors and functionaries, crisis of orientation – a critical struggle and contradiction between the ends and construction of the system of bing educational system, and crisis of clocking – under proficient supported by Vietnamese advisers to make many things in really short period ( Ayres, 2000, p.132 ) . Another survey by CONCERN in 1991 found some challenges of instruction in that clip including unequal preparation and wage for instructors and educational functionaries, no chief text books and other stuffs to back up instruction, non adequate school edifices for pupils, and high dropout rate. Other chief job related to instruction for cardinal degree at that clip was hapless educational quality and irrelevant course of study. Other survey at provincial degree by Redd Barna besides found that low rate of attending, low accomplishment of pupils, challenges of integrate into schools for those whose are former refugees ( Ayres, 2000, pp. 156-157 ) . Even after general election in 1993 under supported by UN, quality of instruction service provided for basic instruction degrees is still in a serious status caused by the deficiency of resources, inappropriate-trained instructors, hapless managed system, about no instruction and acquisition stuffs and irresponsibleness ( World Bank, 2008, p.11 ) . Even, there have been considerable alterations late, educational system will non make an international instruction EFA ends by 2015, because the figure of â€Å" dropout and repeat † in primary school degree is still high. The â€Å" repeat rates † in primary dropped from 26.3 per centum to 10.2 per centum between 1998 and 2005. In add-on, drop-out rates in primary school is less than in secondary school ( MoEYS, 2008, p.8 ) . Recently, Cambodia has expanded national budget from 0.9 per centum in 1997 to 1.5 per centum in 2006 ( MoEYS & A ; World Bank, June 2008, p. 59 ) . Besides, the authorities has promised to increase wage for all instructors from 15 per centum to 20 per centum every twelvemonth but the exact sum is still really low in comparing to rising prices late and day-to-day disbursal ( MoEYS & A ; World Bank, June 2008, pp. 59-62 ) . Educational system in Cambodia consists of simple school ( grade 1-6 ) , junior high school ( grade 7-9 ) , senior high school ( grade 10-12 ) and university and other establishments of higher instruction. Compulsory instruction is until grade 9 ( The Council for the Development of Cambodia, 2011, p. I-2 ) . This research will concentrate on the undermentioned inquiries: Why does MoESY necessitate scholarship plan at basic instruction? What are the chief successes and challenges of execution scholarship plan at basic instruction degree? How does MoEYS implement scholarship plan at basic instruction more efficaciously?II. SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM AT BASIC EDUCATION IN CAMBODIA2.1 Overview of scholarship planKAPE: It was the first scholarship officially lunched in Cambodia since 200 and it covered 15 secondary schools in Kampong Cham state merely but it was for lone misss. The chief ground of initial this plan because merely one of five misss can intake into lower secondary schools in Kampong Cham state and as consequence in over 3,000 vulnerable misss and male childs in schools presents ( KAPE, 2008, p. 4 ) . However, misss other states were similar or more serious than state of affairs in Cambodia, it would be better if the undertaking expands to other schools and state to let other misss to acquire benefit from it and increase figure of misss to hold wide cognition and can dispute with work forces in society both public and private sectors. PAP12: Scholarships and Incentives for Equitable Access. A major constituent of this programme was a scholarship strategy for lower secondary pupils, targeted peculiarly at misss in hapless countries. The plan stared in 2003-04 ( BETT, 2004, p. 1 ) and covered to 30 scholarships each school of 215 lower secondary schools in 16 states ( Mar Bray & A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, p. 24 & A ; 72 ) . If we have a expression of entire figure of each school, which covered by this plan, it was really little in term of instruction in Cambodia right now because there about 19.5 per centum of urban people in 2009 ( Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010 ) . The coverage schools and states, and entire Numberss of scholarships each school were far off from sum of pupils in each secondary primary school even in rural and distant countries. The pupils are out of mark states were suffered from exclusion and even some schools in Phnom Penh would be covered. JFPR in concurrence with ADB: Stared in 2003-04 ( BETT, 2004, p. 1 ) and targeted 93 lower secondary schools in 21 states and provided 75 scholarships for each mark school ( Mar Bray & A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, p. 72 ) . If we have a looks sum of states were likely really wide but in term of entire targeted schools were really little coverage, therefore, it would be better if the plan could cover the schools that non covered by PAP12 to let another hapless and poorest kids to hold an chance to acquire scholarship. BETT: stared in 2003-04 ( BETT, 2004, p. 1 ) Funded by BTC and targeted 80 lower secondary schools in merely three states and provided 30 scholarships each school. It was excessively little for both coverage states or schools and even figure of scholarship for each school, therefore, it would be non most affect for overall basic instruction in Cambodia late. CESSP: This was a formal plan after integrated of chief scholarship plans for lower secondary schools in Cambodia to avoid any overlap schools or even receivers but it still covered merely 100 lower secondary schools ( including newly-established schools ) in 21 states ( BETT, 2005, about the undertaking ) . Although MoEYS found the good manner to implement scholarship plan ore effectual but it was still non good plenty because coverage schools and states still limited. In order to cognize that scholarship would be more effectual to better instruction in Cambodia, particularly at basic instruction degree, the plan should be covered all lower secondary schools at countrywide or to all hapless and the poorest kids.2.2 Successs2.2.1 School registrationCSP had a critical consequence on school registration and attending. Recipients increased 16 per centum points of registration in school, 17 per centum points increased of go toing on the twenty-four hours of the unheralded visit ; pass mo re clip in school. Based on the study stated that one out of every five receivers would non hold been in school in the absence of the plan, with on-time class patterned advance, hence, it would anticipate that every 5th receiver would hold completed one more twelvemonth of schooling than comparable non-recipients ( Deon Filmer & A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, pp. 12-17 )2.2.2 Target doneesThe plan was right emphasized household poorness and gender precedence to do certain equity of entree to basic instruction and gender instability in registration. The scholarship besides provided residence hall to research the new ways to promote pupils at high-risk to go on their survey at lower secondary school – a instance in Rattanakiri state. Furthermore, the plan achieved highly decreased drop-out rates of pupils every bit much as 60 % than general 7th class rated in comparing to non-recipients schools. However, entire sum that support by undertaking late was non plenty for each receiver ye t that some of receivers still dropped out even in period of implementing period ( William Collins, 2007, pp. 47-48 ) .2.2.3 Impact on workThe survey stated the receivers were approximately 10 per centum improbable to work for wage and the survey besides mentioned that about 37 per centum of misss and about 31 per centum of male childs who did non scholarship receivers work for wage in seven yearss before the survey was conducted. Furthermore, many scholarship receivers stayed in school longer than non-recipients ( Deon Filmer & A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, p.2 ) .2.2.4 Conditional Cash Transfers ( CCTs )The CCTs plan impacts on a assortment of results including school registration. However, positive impacts may mention to amount of hard currency transportation and this manner is set abouting by many developing states in the universe. It would besides cut down poorness or support hapless household. The same survey stated that kids who received larger transportations did better than tho se who received smaller transportations in other dimensions – even the survey found that all receivers were brought into school as a consequence of plans ( Deon Filmer & A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, pp. 12-13 )2.2.5 Impact on other kidsThere were major two groups who could hold been straight affected including siblings of scholarship receivers, and kids who did non have scholarships because their dropout mark placed them above the cut-off for eligibility. The siblings of scholarship receivers could hold benefited from the plan since each family could utilize the same benefit for other kids or other purpose. Non-recipients who were enrolled in the same schools as receivers may alter some disadvantages attitude in order to hold an chance to acquire scholarship for following academic old ages. However, the consequences suggest no such consequence: the school engagement of non-recipients is unaffected by the comparative size of the incoming cohort of scholarship pupils ( Deon Filmer & A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, p.2 )2.2.6 Monitoring and preparationIn scholarship plan of BETT was hired full clip staff improbable JFPR or CESSP, who their staff members were parttime basic. Besides, BETT coverage was smaller than either the JFPR or CESSP that allowed staff members have clip to carry on visits to many mark schools and that allowed BETT to cognize more elaborate about issues happened within receivers. Due to budget, transit and clip restraints, the undertaking truly need external aid to back up monitoring such as proficient functionaries from MoEYS, PoE and DoE but it was encountered that the relevant functionaries were improbable had full experience or skillful about that affair yet ( William Collins, 2007, pp. 53-54 ) . BETT attack of a dedicated full-time squad, with NGOs developing background, willing to utilize external NGOs aid in the preparation exercising, achieves higher quality consequences of the execution. Orientation to rear about the plan was besides benefited and positive impacted every bit good as enhance answerability of school functionaries and guarantee right policy pattern. Besides, improved communicating between parents and schools functionaries would reenforce community support for local schools ( William Collins, 2007, pp. 54 ) .2.3. Challenges2.3.1 The mathematics and vocabulary abilityThe survey was focused on the two chief parts including numeral and capacity of understanding plants through MoEYS course of study and text edition. The mark kids were both receivers and non-recipients, the consequences stated that both receivers and non-recipients are the same if those pupils entree the school regular and no absence. However, the survey besides covered to out-school kids and the determination stated that kids who had completed more schooling hold higher trial tonss – in both mathematics and vocabulary, and kids who dropped out of school before finishing 7th class may hold lower ability than those who stayed in school beyond than that class ( Deon Filmer & A ; Norbert Schady, 2009, pp. 8-10 ) .2.3.2 Coverage countriesThe overall scholarship plans implementing in Cambodia were non for countrywide yet even PAP12 – manage and implement by MoEYS, merely covered 215 lower secondary schools within 16 states merely and provided merely 30 scholarships for each mark school. Second, JFPR in concurrence with the ADB covered 93 lower secondary schools in 19 states and could merely cover 75 scholarships for each school. Third, BETT Project supported by BTC covered in 69 lower secondary schools in three states and covered merely 30 scholarships to each school ( Mar Bray & A ; Seng Bunly, 2005, pp. 71-72 and BETT, 2004 & A ; 2005, p. 2 ) . Another one by KAP E, local NGO, merely covered 21 lower secondary schools in Kampong Cham state merely ( KAPE, 2008, p. 4 )2.3.3 Target doneesThe four scholarship plans as brief description in portion of Coverage Areas ( 2.3.2 ) stated that the plan started coverage pupils at lower secondary schools in selected states and countries within Cambodia ( KAPE, 2008, p. 4 ) . Following indexs 2006-07 of MoEYS stated that net registration ratio about 92.1 per centum at primary but it was merely 33.7 per centum at secondary ( MoEYS, 2006-07, indexs 2006-07 ) , therefore, about 58.4 per centum was dropped out at that academic twelvemonth and most of drop-out would be kids from hapless and poorest families and some. BETT scholarship plan purposes at increasing passage for hapless and vulnerable kids from primary to take down secondary and advancing patterned advance through lower secondary instruction in the three targeted states. But the same study stated that the plan excluded certain classs of appliers, for illustration, kids of authorities households, who excluded by the JFPR design and initial BETT design but non excluded in the CESSP design. In the 3rd twelvemonth of BETT execution, the exclusion was dropped. The exclusion would hold two negative impacts because governmental households were non all hapless even instructors every bit many as local hapless appliers or it would be hazard to go politicized and used as an extra manner to honor authorities and party functionary at the local degree ( William Collins, 2007, p. 12 & A ; 48 ) .III. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONBy and large, the scholarship plans were implemented by MoEYS and other spouses were really good for pupils at lower secondary schools across Cambodia and the plan would assist to make EFA and basic instruction policies by 2015 following the committedness of authorities and MoEYS every bit good as planetary mark. It besides allowed hapless and the poorest kids have an chance to go on their survey without give more load to their household and parents every bit good as cut down authorities load, excessively. Although execution period was normally short clip and even policies implementing of each establishment was improbable the same but the receivers could acquire profit from the plans chiefly increase registration, addition engagements, stayed longer period in schools than earlier or non-recipients. Even receivers were non better in term of mathematics and vocabulary in comparing to non-recipients, who non absence, at least the plans could maintain low-ability pupils in schools and made alter some non-recipients to take into history of acquisition and take parting in schools. The scholarship plans probably started and ended the same period and some of them were overlap mark schools and states but they had ain difference policies for execution, therefore, it was negative affect to receivers and donees every bit good as negative affect to whole plans. Furthermore, school managers, DoE, PoE, who on a regular basis involved with the plan would non be clear at all that was perchance to detain some activities, excessively or pass a tonss but got really small. In order to implement the plan more effectual, all relevant stakeholders would incorporate and portion responsible each other first and happen the common ways or seek to follow policies to be similar or the same first to guarantee receivers and relevant stakeholders would be clear and full apprehension. Besides, it would be great if all implementing establishments can split states or mark schools of coverage. The last, but non at least, all hapless and the poorest or the most of them would be covered and back up it would be better and it likely find the right ways of improve instruction in Cambodia, particularly at basic instruction degree. Statement Name: Cham Soeun Date: March 18, 2011 I prepared the undermentioned assignment by myself and merely with the aid of the literature mentioned in the mentions. I did non utilize other literature to compose my assignment. I know that plagiarism is a serious offense and I am wholly cognizant of the negative effects. Signature: Cham Soeun

Bilingual Education

Bilingual education is unquestionably a controversial issue. There are several people and organizations in this country, who, for various reasons are opposed to bilingual education. In today’s society regarding education there has been a big issue about whether bilingual education should be taught in classrooms for immigrant students who do not speak English. Bilingual education began about 1967 as an effort to help immigrants, (mostly Spanish speakers) to learn English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates).Bilingual Education involves teaching two languages to the students. Many persons believe that bilingual education means Spanish and English only, but bilingual could be any two languages. There is a common problem where many parents are against bilingual education because many students are forced into Spanish bilingual classes because they have Spanish surnames, even though they understand and speak English well and they do not speak or read Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Ed ucation Advocates).I have found throughout my studies in bilingual education that a lot of students are placed in bilingual classes because the parents fill out a home language survey stating that the home language is Spanish. Little do the parents know that this is what determines what type of class their child will be in. This is causing many problems for children that are being forced into bilingual classes even when they are not immigrants. The promoter of bilingual education was the German language, because in 1837 students were required to take German in school at least one year (Eva Giles).But one of the most common bilingual programs here in South Texas is Spanish and English. A research states that â€Å"Nearly one in every six school age children in the United States come from a home where a language other than English is regularly spoken† (Eva Giles). â€Å"By some estimates, English is spoken today by one million people and two thirds learned it as a second langu age† (James Crawford). Secretary of Education T. H. Bell remarked that the support of the government for bilingual education grew from $7. 5 million in 1969 to $134 million in 1982 and it provides help for between 1. million to 3. 5 million children (Hoover, The case for and against Bilingual Education). There are many reasons why bilingual education is not effective for many people. First of all, the schools that have bilingual education do not have certified teachers. The problem that I have seen most too often is that many people are going through an alternative program to become a teacher, where they have no schooling in bilingual education and they don’t understand the concept of how it works, nor do they understand the laws.A person that has a degree in criminal justice, per se, goes through a 5 month program, takes a test, and is then considered to be a bilingual teacher. It is very common, here in south Texas where I live, that people that have gone through the ACP certification are being chosen over traditional college path teachers. Bilingual education is controversial for the simplest reason that it disrupts established patterns in school. For many schools, it can cause many headaches because they need to recruit more qualified teachers, redesign curricula, and reorganize class schedules, so many administrators want to avoid that.The monolingual teachers fear the reassignment, loss of status, or other career setbacks (Crawford). Because many schools do not have qualified teachers, the students get behind in their studies because they do not learn either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, many parents complain that their children on a regular school day are exposed mostly to Spanish and only few minutes to English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). This is because the immigrants are mixed with the non-immigrants and the teachers focus more on the immigrant students so they can learn English.Furthe rmore, the students get confused in their writing in Spanish and English. For example, a child was enrolled in bilingual education only because he/she has a Spanish surname even though he spoke only Spanish, and by the seventh grade the child could not read or write either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). On the other hand, many states reported on an average annual increase of 9. 2 percent in the enrollment of limited English proficient students (Crawford).If we do not have more certified teachers in our schools most of the students would have a high rate of falling behind, failing and dropping out of school. Language minority youths are 1. 5 times more likely than the English language counterparts to have discontinued school before completing twelve years, according to the Intercultural Development Research Association. In 1988 the Hispanic youths were more than twice likely to have dropped out. Therefore if we do not have certified teachers to teach the children we are going to have more uneducated children (Crawford).The solution to this problem about not having many certified teachers in our schools is that we need to train the teachers that we already have with some programs that they need to be a certified teacher. â€Å"Bilingual programs, in order to be effective, must be able to attract and retain a teaching staff sufficient in numbers and qualify to meet the needs of the children enrolled in the program. † (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia). A teacher in the bilingual program must master a subject, possess the skills to teach the subject well, and also have mastered two languages as well to be familiar with the children’s culture.Moreover, a bilingual teacher must meet five criteria, and all are very important for them to be an efficient teacher. The five criteria are: †¢The teacher must be fluent in English †¢The teacher must be fluent in Spanish †¢Mastery of the content area to be taught; e. g. scien ce, history etc. †¢Mastery of the teaching skills necessary to teach content area †¢Well information and complete understanding of the child’s culture, custom, and history (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia).Many schools might have to go to another country to recruit bilingual teachers; they go to Puerto Rico or even to Latin American because the United States has a diversity of cultures and it is much easier for a teacher from other countries to come to the United States and teach because they already know the culture of the student, and the students feel more comfortable and learn more. Furthermore, the second reason why bilingual education is not efficient for many people is because they do not have enough research on it.Many people do not know about all of the help that there is in schools for all immigrant students that came from other parts of the world. Parents do not get involved in their child’s studies or know what classes they are taking especially when th ey are in middle school or high school. â€Å"Many advocates of bilingual education fear that any government recognition of minority languages ‘sends a wrong message’ to immigrants encouraging them to believe they can live in the United States without learning English or conforming toAmericans’ ways† (Bilingual Education). Many parents believe that enrolling their children in only English classes will help them to improve in their language. For example, there is a case in California where the government is going to enforce a new program called Ballot Initiative, which would mandate English only instruction for children until they become fully proficient in English (Bilingual Education). But parents do not see all those programs that they have in schools to help their children improve in English without getting frustrated because they do.Parents should think about all the frustration that their children are dealing with because they are enrolling them in En glish classes even if they do not know the language. This is why they need to be made aware of all the programs that the schools have to offer to assist the students that do not speak English. The solution to this kind of problem in the schools is a program called late and early transition that helps the students who receive instructions in their native language during the early years of schooling eventually â€Å"transition† into mainstreaming English. William M. Saunders, Claude Goldenberg. ) Transition programs can occur anywhere from the early elementary grades to middle school or later in high school; it all depends on the school program when the student starts. Transition programs are three year program constants that approach the Spanish to English development in grades 3-5 and transition programs compromise 12 specific components falling in to three categories: 1. Literature studies (literature units, instructional conversations, writing projects) 2.Skill building (re ading comprehension, reading, dictation, and oral English) 3. Supporting Components (reading, reading aloud, and writing journals) A transition program is divided into three parts; Pre-Transition, Transition I, and Transition II. A Pre-Transition program is considered for the students in the third grade. Its purpose is to emphasize the fundamental role of Spanish reading and writing and oral English development that precedes transition and the goal is that by the end of the year the student should read and write Spanish, and a certain level of oral English.The second part of the transition program is called Transition I and it is used in the fourth grade. It is designed to make clear the need of an actual program for a certain time. By the end of fourth grade or Transition I, students should show at least initial reading and writing fluency in English. Moreover, the student should be able to participate in discussions in English and the student should also continue to demonstrate a good level in writing and reading in Spanish used in language arts throughout the entire year. The last part of the program called Transition II is used in the fifth grade.This last part of the program is where the students should be decoding and comprehends grade level materials in English, which mean in literature and content areas (Saunders). According to many teachers in California, bilingual transition programs work very well in schools where they have positive teachers that want to help the student and where the first language is used in the first year (Stephanie Krasren). One of my solutions for bilingual education is to implement more programs for older students as high school students.Right now we do not have enough programs that help those students and that is why we have a lot of college students that do not know how to write or read English or Spanish. In our high schools there is not enough emphasis in programs for high school students because many teachers believe that the students already know English because they attended elementary and middle school. Sometimes it doesn’t cross teachers minds that many students came to the United States when they were 16 and older and they had finished elementary or middle school in Mexico or other places.When they come to high schools here in the United States they do not know English. The program that I would implement for high school immigrant students that do not know any English would be called Older Transition. It would be separated in two parts, the first one being Older Transition I. It would be for ninth grade. The student would have a special teacher in separate classrooms, a teacher that helps them learn the basic English language and as the year goes by to improve their English in all subjects, so the student can be familiarized with the language.The second part would be called Older Transition II and would be for tenth grade immigrant students. The students would be placed in regular classes so they can be familiarized with how the classes work and begin taking the TAKS test that they need in order to graduate. Also the student would be required to participate in school activities so they can be involved with the language and improve their skills. If we would have more programs like this, many students would be beneficiated and wouldn’t feel left out and they would have a better future with more opportunities.These days, many jobs require applicants to be bilingual. â€Å"Businesses, especially telephone companies here in Texas and California are seeking for bilingual employees† (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, Texas and California have a high percentage of immigrants and Hispanics, which is why many companies ask the employee if they can speak Spanish and English. According to Hoover, English is the widely used language in history also; English in the language of Science technology, and business (Bilingual Education Advocates).Furthermo re, right now in this society we have a high call for merchants, bankers, and diplomats able to speak two languages. Therefore, if programs like this would be enforced in many high schools many students would have a better future and they would not have problems in college. The opposite view about my solution of implementing more transition programs for high school students is that many high schools do not have enough funds to be spending in transition programs.Moreover, many principals say that high schools do not receive money to have special teacher or train the teachers that the schools already have to teach the immigrant students that do not speak English. I believe that schools have enough money to spend to train teachers and programs because they have enough money to spend in athletics and other elective courses. Many high schools put more interest in athletics or any other activities than in the improvement of the student’s studies.To reiterate, whether bilingual educ ation is effective or not for immigrant students who do not speak English is up to the schools and how they approach the effectiveness of the bilingual programs. After reading much information about bilingual education, I have come to a conclusion; if we have more certified teachers who care and help the students with the English skills and if the schools implement more programs to help immigrant students, we are going to have a nation with many bilingual people who would help others. Moreover, we are going to have a better future for the kids of tomorrow.I encourage many teachers to support more bilingual programs and talk with their principals about them and put them into practice in the classrooms. A lot of this implementation starts with the district, of course, but sometimes certain districts don’t want to implement the bilingual programs and are just receiving the money for it. This is where the schools need to step up and implement the programs and possibly make a call to the TEA and make sure that the district starts following the rules. It all begins with one person making the difference and then it goes from there. Bilingual Education Bilingual education is unquestionably a controversial issue. There are several people and organizations in this country, who, for various reasons are opposed to bilingual education. In today’s society regarding education there has been a big issue about whether bilingual education should be taught in classrooms for immigrant students who do not speak English. Bilingual education began about 1967 as an effort to help immigrants, (mostly Spanish speakers) to learn English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates).Bilingual Education involves teaching two languages to the students. Many persons believe that bilingual education means Spanish and English only, but bilingual could be any two languages. There is a common problem where many parents are against bilingual education because many students are forced into Spanish bilingual classes because they have Spanish surnames, even though they understand and speak English well and they do not speak or read Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Ed ucation Advocates).I have found throughout my studies in bilingual education that a lot of students are placed in bilingual classes because the parents fill out a home language survey stating that the home language is Spanish. Little do the parents know that this is what determines what type of class their child will be in. This is causing many problems for children that are being forced into bilingual classes even when they are not immigrants. The promoter of bilingual education was the German language, because in 1837 students were required to take German in school at least one year (Eva Giles).But one of the most common bilingual programs here in South Texas is Spanish and English. A research states that â€Å"Nearly one in every six school age children in the United States come from a home where a language other than English is regularly spoken† (Eva Giles). â€Å"By some estimates, English is spoken today by one million people and two thirds learned it as a second langu age† (James Crawford). Secretary of Education T. H. Bell remarked that the support of the government for bilingual education grew from $7. 5 million in 1969 to $134 million in 1982 and it provides help for between 1. million to 3. 5 million children (Hoover, The case for and against Bilingual Education). There are many reasons why bilingual education is not effective for many people. First of all, the schools that have bilingual education do not have certified teachers. The problem that I have seen most too often is that many people are going through an alternative program to become a teacher, where they have no schooling in bilingual education and they don’t understand the concept of how it works, nor do they understand the laws.A person that has a degree in criminal justice, per se, goes through a 5 month program, takes a test, and is then considered to be a bilingual teacher. It is very common, here in south Texas where I live, that people that have gone through the ACP certification are being chosen over traditional college path teachers. Bilingual education is controversial for the simplest reason that it disrupts established patterns in school. For many schools, it can cause many headaches because they need to recruit more qualified teachers, redesign curricula, and reorganize class schedules, so many administrators want to avoid that.The monolingual teachers fear the reassignment, loss of status, or other career setbacks (Crawford). Because many schools do not have qualified teachers, the students get behind in their studies because they do not learn either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, many parents complain that their children on a regular school day are exposed mostly to Spanish and only few minutes to English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). This is because the immigrants are mixed with the non-immigrants and the teachers focus more on the immigrant students so they can learn English.Furthe rmore, the students get confused in their writing in Spanish and English. For example, a child was enrolled in bilingual education only because he/she has a Spanish surname even though he spoke only Spanish, and by the seventh grade the child could not read or write either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). On the other hand, many states reported on an average annual increase of 9. 2 percent in the enrollment of limited English proficient students (Crawford).If we do not have more certified teachers in our schools most of the students would have a high rate of falling behind, failing and dropping out of school. Language minority youths are 1. 5 times more likely than the English language counterparts to have discontinued school before completing twelve years, according to the Intercultural Development Research Association. In 1988 the Hispanic youths were more than twice likely to have dropped out. Therefore if we do not have certified teachers to teach the children we are going to have more uneducated children (Crawford).The solution to this problem about not having many certified teachers in our schools is that we need to train the teachers that we already have with some programs that they need to be a certified teacher. â€Å"Bilingual programs, in order to be effective, must be able to attract and retain a teaching staff sufficient in numbers and qualify to meet the needs of the children enrolled in the program. † (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia). A teacher in the bilingual program must master a subject, possess the skills to teach the subject well, and also have mastered two languages as well to be familiar with the children’s culture.Moreover, a bilingual teacher must meet five criteria, and all are very important for them to be an efficient teacher. The five criteria are: †¢The teacher must be fluent in English †¢The teacher must be fluent in Spanish †¢Mastery of the content area to be taught; e. g. scien ce, history etc. †¢Mastery of the teaching skills necessary to teach content area †¢Well information and complete understanding of the child’s culture, custom, and history (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia).Many schools might have to go to another country to recruit bilingual teachers; they go to Puerto Rico or even to Latin American because the United States has a diversity of cultures and it is much easier for a teacher from other countries to come to the United States and teach because they already know the culture of the student, and the students feel more comfortable and learn more. Furthermore, the second reason why bilingual education is not efficient for many people is because they do not have enough research on it.Many people do not know about all of the help that there is in schools for all immigrant students that came from other parts of the world. Parents do not get involved in their child’s studies or know what classes they are taking especially when th ey are in middle school or high school. â€Å"Many advocates of bilingual education fear that any government recognition of minority languages ‘sends a wrong message’ to immigrants encouraging them to believe they can live in the United States without learning English or conforming toAmericans’ ways† (Bilingual Education). Many parents believe that enrolling their children in only English classes will help them to improve in their language. For example, there is a case in California where the government is going to enforce a new program called Ballot Initiative, which would mandate English only instruction for children until they become fully proficient in English (Bilingual Education). But parents do not see all those programs that they have in schools to help their children improve in English without getting frustrated because they do.Parents should think about all the frustration that their children are dealing with because they are enrolling them in En glish classes even if they do not know the language. This is why they need to be made aware of all the programs that the schools have to offer to assist the students that do not speak English. The solution to this kind of problem in the schools is a program called late and early transition that helps the students who receive instructions in their native language during the early years of schooling eventually â€Å"transition† into mainstreaming English. William M. Saunders, Claude Goldenberg. ) Transition programs can occur anywhere from the early elementary grades to middle school or later in high school; it all depends on the school program when the student starts. Transition programs are three year program constants that approach the Spanish to English development in grades 3-5 and transition programs compromise 12 specific components falling in to three categories: 1. Literature studies (literature units, instructional conversations, writing projects) 2.Skill building (re ading comprehension, reading, dictation, and oral English) 3. Supporting Components (reading, reading aloud, and writing journals) A transition program is divided into three parts; Pre-Transition, Transition I, and Transition II. A Pre-Transition program is considered for the students in the third grade. Its purpose is to emphasize the fundamental role of Spanish reading and writing and oral English development that precedes transition and the goal is that by the end of the year the student should read and write Spanish, and a certain level of oral English.The second part of the transition program is called Transition I and it is used in the fourth grade. It is designed to make clear the need of an actual program for a certain time. By the end of fourth grade or Transition I, students should show at least initial reading and writing fluency in English. Moreover, the student should be able to participate in discussions in English and the student should also continue to demonstrate a good level in writing and reading in Spanish used in language arts throughout the entire year. The last part of the program called Transition II is used in the fifth grade.This last part of the program is where the students should be decoding and comprehends grade level materials in English, which mean in literature and content areas (Saunders). According to many teachers in California, bilingual transition programs work very well in schools where they have positive teachers that want to help the student and where the first language is used in the first year (Stephanie Krasren). One of my solutions for bilingual education is to implement more programs for older students as high school students.Right now we do not have enough programs that help those students and that is why we have a lot of college students that do not know how to write or read English or Spanish. In our high schools there is not enough emphasis in programs for high school students because many teachers believe that the students already know English because they attended elementary and middle school. Sometimes it doesn’t cross teachers minds that many students came to the United States when they were 16 and older and they had finished elementary or middle school in Mexico or other places.When they come to high schools here in the United States they do not know English. The program that I would implement for high school immigrant students that do not know any English would be called Older Transition. It would be separated in two parts, the first one being Older Transition I. It would be for ninth grade. The student would have a special teacher in separate classrooms, a teacher that helps them learn the basic English language and as the year goes by to improve their English in all subjects, so the student can be familiarized with the language.The second part would be called Older Transition II and would be for tenth grade immigrant students. The students would be placed in regular classes so they can be familiarized with how the classes work and begin taking the TAKS test that they need in order to graduate. Also the student would be required to participate in school activities so they can be involved with the language and improve their skills. If we would have more programs like this, many students would be beneficiated and wouldn’t feel left out and they would have a better future with more opportunities.These days, many jobs require applicants to be bilingual. â€Å"Businesses, especially telephone companies here in Texas and California are seeking for bilingual employees† (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, Texas and California have a high percentage of immigrants and Hispanics, which is why many companies ask the employee if they can speak Spanish and English. According to Hoover, English is the widely used language in history also; English in the language of Science technology, and business (Bilingual Education Advocates).Furthermo re, right now in this society we have a high call for merchants, bankers, and diplomats able to speak two languages. Therefore, if programs like this would be enforced in many high schools many students would have a better future and they would not have problems in college. The opposite view about my solution of implementing more transition programs for high school students is that many high schools do not have enough funds to be spending in transition programs.Moreover, many principals say that high schools do not receive money to have special teacher or train the teachers that the schools already have to teach the immigrant students that do not speak English. I believe that schools have enough money to spend to train teachers and programs because they have enough money to spend in athletics and other elective courses. Many high schools put more interest in athletics or any other activities than in the improvement of the student’s studies.To reiterate, whether bilingual educ ation is effective or not for immigrant students who do not speak English is up to the schools and how they approach the effectiveness of the bilingual programs. After reading much information about bilingual education, I have come to a conclusion; if we have more certified teachers who care and help the students with the English skills and if the schools implement more programs to help immigrant students, we are going to have a nation with many bilingual people who would help others. Moreover, we are going to have a better future for the kids of tomorrow.I encourage many teachers to support more bilingual programs and talk with their principals about them and put them into practice in the classrooms. A lot of this implementation starts with the district, of course, but sometimes certain districts don’t want to implement the bilingual programs and are just receiving the money for it. This is where the schools need to step up and implement the programs and possibly make a call to the TEA and make sure that the district starts following the rules. It all begins with one person making the difference and then it goes from there. Bilingual Education Bilingual education is unquestionably a controversial issue. There are several people and organizations in this country, who, for various reasons are opposed to bilingual education. In today’s society regarding education there has been a big issue about whether bilingual education should be taught in classrooms for immigrant students who do not speak English. Bilingual education began about 1967 as an effort to help immigrants, (mostly Spanish speakers) to learn English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates).Bilingual Education involves teaching two languages to the students. Many persons believe that bilingual education means Spanish and English only, but bilingual could be any two languages. There is a common problem where many parents are against bilingual education because many students are forced into Spanish bilingual classes because they have Spanish surnames, even though they understand and speak English well and they do not speak or read Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Ed ucation Advocates).I have found throughout my studies in bilingual education that a lot of students are placed in bilingual classes because the parents fill out a home language survey stating that the home language is Spanish. Little do the parents know that this is what determines what type of class their child will be in. This is causing many problems for children that are being forced into bilingual classes even when they are not immigrants. The promoter of bilingual education was the German language, because in 1837 students were required to take German in school at least one year (Eva Giles).But one of the most common bilingual programs here in South Texas is Spanish and English. A research states that â€Å"Nearly one in every six school age children in the United States come from a home where a language other than English is regularly spoken† (Eva Giles). â€Å"By some estimates, English is spoken today by one million people and two thirds learned it as a second langu age† (James Crawford). Secretary of Education T. H. Bell remarked that the support of the government for bilingual education grew from $7. 5 million in 1969 to $134 million in 1982 and it provides help for between 1. million to 3. 5 million children (Hoover, The case for and against Bilingual Education). There are many reasons why bilingual education is not effective for many people. First of all, the schools that have bilingual education do not have certified teachers. The problem that I have seen most too often is that many people are going through an alternative program to become a teacher, where they have no schooling in bilingual education and they don’t understand the concept of how it works, nor do they understand the laws.A person that has a degree in criminal justice, per se, goes through a 5 month program, takes a test, and is then considered to be a bilingual teacher. It is very common, here in south Texas where I live, that people that have gone through the ACP certification are being chosen over traditional college path teachers. Bilingual education is controversial for the simplest reason that it disrupts established patterns in school. For many schools, it can cause many headaches because they need to recruit more qualified teachers, redesign curricula, and reorganize class schedules, so many administrators want to avoid that.The monolingual teachers fear the reassignment, loss of status, or other career setbacks (Crawford). Because many schools do not have qualified teachers, the students get behind in their studies because they do not learn either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, many parents complain that their children on a regular school day are exposed mostly to Spanish and only few minutes to English (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). This is because the immigrants are mixed with the non-immigrants and the teachers focus more on the immigrant students so they can learn English.Furthe rmore, the students get confused in their writing in Spanish and English. For example, a child was enrolled in bilingual education only because he/she has a Spanish surname even though he spoke only Spanish, and by the seventh grade the child could not read or write either English or Spanish (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). On the other hand, many states reported on an average annual increase of 9. 2 percent in the enrollment of limited English proficient students (Crawford).If we do not have more certified teachers in our schools most of the students would have a high rate of falling behind, failing and dropping out of school. Language minority youths are 1. 5 times more likely than the English language counterparts to have discontinued school before completing twelve years, according to the Intercultural Development Research Association. In 1988 the Hispanic youths were more than twice likely to have dropped out. Therefore if we do not have certified teachers to teach the children we are going to have more uneducated children (Crawford).The solution to this problem about not having many certified teachers in our schools is that we need to train the teachers that we already have with some programs that they need to be a certified teacher. â€Å"Bilingual programs, in order to be effective, must be able to attract and retain a teaching staff sufficient in numbers and qualify to meet the needs of the children enrolled in the program. † (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia). A teacher in the bilingual program must master a subject, possess the skills to teach the subject well, and also have mastered two languages as well to be familiar with the children’s culture.Moreover, a bilingual teacher must meet five criteria, and all are very important for them to be an efficient teacher. The five criteria are: †¢The teacher must be fluent in English †¢The teacher must be fluent in Spanish †¢Mastery of the content area to be taught; e. g. scien ce, history etc. †¢Mastery of the teaching skills necessary to teach content area †¢Well information and complete understanding of the child’s culture, custom, and history (Del Valle, Franco, Garcia).Many schools might have to go to another country to recruit bilingual teachers; they go to Puerto Rico or even to Latin American because the United States has a diversity of cultures and it is much easier for a teacher from other countries to come to the United States and teach because they already know the culture of the student, and the students feel more comfortable and learn more. Furthermore, the second reason why bilingual education is not efficient for many people is because they do not have enough research on it.Many people do not know about all of the help that there is in schools for all immigrant students that came from other parts of the world. Parents do not get involved in their child’s studies or know what classes they are taking especially when th ey are in middle school or high school. â€Å"Many advocates of bilingual education fear that any government recognition of minority languages ‘sends a wrong message’ to immigrants encouraging them to believe they can live in the United States without learning English or conforming toAmericans’ ways† (Bilingual Education). Many parents believe that enrolling their children in only English classes will help them to improve in their language. For example, there is a case in California where the government is going to enforce a new program called Ballot Initiative, which would mandate English only instruction for children until they become fully proficient in English (Bilingual Education). But parents do not see all those programs that they have in schools to help their children improve in English without getting frustrated because they do.Parents should think about all the frustration that their children are dealing with because they are enrolling them in En glish classes even if they do not know the language. This is why they need to be made aware of all the programs that the schools have to offer to assist the students that do not speak English. The solution to this kind of problem in the schools is a program called late and early transition that helps the students who receive instructions in their native language during the early years of schooling eventually â€Å"transition† into mainstreaming English. William M. Saunders, Claude Goldenberg. ) Transition programs can occur anywhere from the early elementary grades to middle school or later in high school; it all depends on the school program when the student starts. Transition programs are three year program constants that approach the Spanish to English development in grades 3-5 and transition programs compromise 12 specific components falling in to three categories: 1. Literature studies (literature units, instructional conversations, writing projects) 2.Skill building (re ading comprehension, reading, dictation, and oral English) 3. Supporting Components (reading, reading aloud, and writing journals) A transition program is divided into three parts; Pre-Transition, Transition I, and Transition II. A Pre-Transition program is considered for the students in the third grade. Its purpose is to emphasize the fundamental role of Spanish reading and writing and oral English development that precedes transition and the goal is that by the end of the year the student should read and write Spanish, and a certain level of oral English.The second part of the transition program is called Transition I and it is used in the fourth grade. It is designed to make clear the need of an actual program for a certain time. By the end of fourth grade or Transition I, students should show at least initial reading and writing fluency in English. Moreover, the student should be able to participate in discussions in English and the student should also continue to demonstrate a good level in writing and reading in Spanish used in language arts throughout the entire year. The last part of the program called Transition II is used in the fifth grade.This last part of the program is where the students should be decoding and comprehends grade level materials in English, which mean in literature and content areas (Saunders). According to many teachers in California, bilingual transition programs work very well in schools where they have positive teachers that want to help the student and where the first language is used in the first year (Stephanie Krasren). One of my solutions for bilingual education is to implement more programs for older students as high school students.Right now we do not have enough programs that help those students and that is why we have a lot of college students that do not know how to write or read English or Spanish. In our high schools there is not enough emphasis in programs for high school students because many teachers believe that the students already know English because they attended elementary and middle school. Sometimes it doesn’t cross teachers minds that many students came to the United States when they were 16 and older and they had finished elementary or middle school in Mexico or other places.When they come to high schools here in the United States they do not know English. The program that I would implement for high school immigrant students that do not know any English would be called Older Transition. It would be separated in two parts, the first one being Older Transition I. It would be for ninth grade. The student would have a special teacher in separate classrooms, a teacher that helps them learn the basic English language and as the year goes by to improve their English in all subjects, so the student can be familiarized with the language.The second part would be called Older Transition II and would be for tenth grade immigrant students. The students would be placed in regular classes so they can be familiarized with how the classes work and begin taking the TAKS test that they need in order to graduate. Also the student would be required to participate in school activities so they can be involved with the language and improve their skills. If we would have more programs like this, many students would be beneficiated and wouldn’t feel left out and they would have a better future with more opportunities.These days, many jobs require applicants to be bilingual. â€Å"Businesses, especially telephone companies here in Texas and California are seeking for bilingual employees† (Hoover, Bilingual Education Advocates). Moreover, Texas and California have a high percentage of immigrants and Hispanics, which is why many companies ask the employee if they can speak Spanish and English. According to Hoover, English is the widely used language in history also; English in the language of Science technology, and business (Bilingual Education Advocates).Furthermo re, right now in this society we have a high call for merchants, bankers, and diplomats able to speak two languages. Therefore, if programs like this would be enforced in many high schools many students would have a better future and they would not have problems in college. The opposite view about my solution of implementing more transition programs for high school students is that many high schools do not have enough funds to be spending in transition programs.Moreover, many principals say that high schools do not receive money to have special teacher or train the teachers that the schools already have to teach the immigrant students that do not speak English. I believe that schools have enough money to spend to train teachers and programs because they have enough money to spend in athletics and other elective courses. Many high schools put more interest in athletics or any other activities than in the improvement of the student’s studies.To reiterate, whether bilingual educ ation is effective or not for immigrant students who do not speak English is up to the schools and how they approach the effectiveness of the bilingual programs. After reading much information about bilingual education, I have come to a conclusion; if we have more certified teachers who care and help the students with the English skills and if the schools implement more programs to help immigrant students, we are going to have a nation with many bilingual people who would help others. Moreover, we are going to have a better future for the kids of tomorrow.I encourage many teachers to support more bilingual programs and talk with their principals about them and put them into practice in the classrooms. A lot of this implementation starts with the district, of course, but sometimes certain districts don’t want to implement the bilingual programs and are just receiving the money for it. This is where the schools need to step up and implement the programs and possibly make a call to the TEA and make sure that the district starts following the rules. It all begins with one person making the difference and then it goes from there.