Preparation and Properties of soap

Materials and Apparatus: Olive oil, 95% ethanol, recepticle, half sodium hydroxide arrangement, Boucher adjust, hot plate, salt arrangement, attractive stirrer, channel pipe, glass bar, channel paper, gauging balance, watch glass and estimating chamber. From the chart above, we can obviously observe that the ionic (exceptionally polar and charges) natures of salts makes them solvent in water. Be that as it may, the non-polar hydrocarbon (aliphatic) tail of the cleanser atoms would make them be miscible with non-polar substances and empower them to break down in water.Normally, strong cleansers are comprise of sodium salts of unsaturated fats and fluid cleansers comprise of potassium salts of unsaturated fats. Cleanser can be set up by a procedure known as detail. Generally, cleansers were made by heating up the fat of creature, lye and in a watery Noah and KOCH arrangement containing potash. Obviously, this was quite a while back before anybody had any thought of understanding the sy nthetic changes. Presently, we realize that this procedure is a response of esters with a solid base, for example, KOCH or Noah.The esters, triglycerides are the primary constituents of vegetable oil and creature fats. The triglyceride is a trim-ester join 3 long unsaturated fat hydrocarbon chain. At the point when triglyceride responds with 3 reciprocals solid fluid base arrangement, for example, Noah or KOCH, the three ester securities are hydroxide to yield 3 unsaturated fat salts (cleanser particles) and one glycerol. The determination can likewise be called â€Å"base hydrolysis†. Modernly, cleanser is made by response of Noah along with vegetable fat. It is significant to use enough Noah to ensure a total detail Of triglycerides.If there is deficient base, time and warmth gave, at that point the outcome would be fragmented determination and the cleanser item can be fragile. On the off chance that the particular is finished, Nasal is added to accelerate the cleanser. The fluid bit is emptied off. The rest of the substance would be rough cleanser which contains a few polluting influences, for example, Nasal, Noah or glycerol. In the lab, we need more an ideal opportunity to refine the unrefined cleanser. This sanitization would comprise of re-dissolving the cleanser in bubbling water and afterward cooling and hastening again by including Nasal.The cleanser in the test would be made out from olive oil, the substance structure of olive oil (C52H9606) would be this way: Procedure: 1 . About ml Olive Oil was added to a mall_ recepticle and broke up it in ml of 95% ethanol. Exorbitant oil was not used to maintain a strategic distance from extra ethanol to break up it. 2. At the point when the olive oil was totally broken up, the measuring utencil was put on the hot plate and the temperature was kept up to about ICC. The carafe was whirled to blend the arrangement. Next, ml of half Noah arrangement was poured down the glass-blending bar introduction the o il solution.A limited quantity of the Noah arrangement was streamed down the bar gradually and afterward halted to mix. At that point, somewhat more Noah was streamed in. The Noah arrangement was not filled the oil too rapidly. This was because of the explanation that pouring the Noah arrangement also rapidly Will make the oil separate from the Noah arrangement, and the last item would be disappointment. The blend was mixed until it thickened. We needed to abstain from getting a blend with 2 unmistakable layers Noah arrangement on the base and oil on the top.When 2 particular layers are framing, it was mixed vivaciously utilizing attractive stirrer until the fluids are all around mixed. 3. A little watch glass was set over the mouth of the carafe to limit vanishing of the liquor. 4. The oil-alcoholic-Noah arrangement was permitted to bubble for in any event 30 minutes. The undisclosed fat in the flagon and comprehended by including somewhat more ethanol and mixed. The temperature wa s kept sufficiently hot to have controlled bubbling of the fat arrangement. 5. While the determination continued, a salt arrangement was set up by totally dissolving go Nasal in 1 00 ml refined water in a shopping center beaker.After he salt was totally broken up, about portion of this salt arrangement was moved to another container and the two measuring glasses of salt arrangement was put on ice to cool them. 6. Following 30 minutes, the fat arrangement was tried to check whether detail was finished by putting a couple of drops of the arrangement in a test container of refined eater. At the point when the fat beads glided to the top, the determination was not finished and permitted it to bubble for an extra 10 minutes. 7. At the point when the determination was finished, the hot response blend was emptied cautiously into one measuring glass of salt arrangement and mixed for a moment or two.

Pascal free essay sample

This appraisal covers Outcomes 3 of HN Unit Managing People and Organizations (F84T 34). It depends looking into it investigation of Scotia Airways. You should answer the entirety of the accompanying inquiries, giving individual reactions to every one. As a guide, all things considered, an agreeable reaction to a solitary inquiry will be around 200-300 words long, anyway there is no compulsory word check. You may incorporate graphs or potentially tables in at least one of your reactions. On the off chance that you do as such, an appropriate going with clarification ought to be given. 1. 0 Assess the fundamental highlights of administrative work and clarify/plot the principle jobs and exercises of chiefs inside Scotia Airways. 1. 1 The Nature of Managerial Work According to McFarland, overseeing is a procedure by which capable people in an association join assets to accomplish given finishes. It can likewise be characterized as the compelling use and co-appointment of assets, for example, capital, plant, materials and work so as to accomplish characterized destinations with most extreme effectiveness. We will compose a custom paper test on Pascal or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (SQA 2013 P158) 1. 2 Roles Mintzberg 1. 2. 1 The enlightening jobs These are jobs that include accepting, scanning for, procuring and dispersing data including screen, disseminator and representative. (SQA 2013 P161) 2. 0 Describe the estimation of two components that could be utilized to gauge administrative execution and legitimize how each could be utilized to evaluate administrative execution in Scotia Airways 3. 0 Identify and clarify a conduct hypothesis of administration and feature its pertinence to Scotia Airways. 4. 0 Identify and clarify either a possibility or transformational hypothesis of authority and feature its relevance to Scotia Airways 5. 0 Given the arranged extension that Scotia have attempted, break down how speculations of administration could be utilized to improve how directors lead staff through this change.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Employment

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Employment February 09, 2020 suedhang/Cultura/Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) at work can vary, including the different ways that these symptoms can affect your job performance and ability to fit in with your coworkers. If you have BPD, you may have had work experiences that upset you, the people who worked with you, or both. If so, do you know why those upsetting events happenedâ€"how your BPD symptoms may have played a role? We could talk at length about the different ways which specific aspects of BPD may affect you job performance, but an example can illustrate these much more effectively. Perhaps this example of one persons experience with BPD at work may help you understand your own work disappointments betterâ€"and help keep you from repeating them. As you read through this example, we will put some notes in italics for you to stop and contemplate whether you have experienced something similar. Dont worry if none of this fits with your experience, however, there is plenty to learn from this example for anyoneâ€"with or without BPD. Revolving-Door Work History In our case study example, a man named Bruce who lives with BPD has a history of job changes. Over and over, hes happy at first, then less and less happy, then angry, then goes to the next job. Each time this happens, hes at a loss to understand why. Heres a look at how this happens. As you read through his story, think about how you may have faced similar experiences both at work and at play. Thinking of your own experiences and any similarities may help you both find an underlying concern, as well as begin to visualize how you could have reacted differently. You may even want to grab a piece of paper and a pen and write down anything that sounds like your own experience. With these points noted you can then picture alone, or work with your therapist, on how to make the changes necessary to make your own ending a happy ending. The New  Jobâ€"From a Happy Start to an Angry End Bruce is always very excited when he begins a new job. He tells everyone he sees how fulfilling the work is, and for the first few weeks, he cannot say enough about how much he likes his boss and coworkers. He talks up the company and shares his dreams about moving into more and more responsible roles. (Take a quick moment to picture whether you have ever felt this way when starting a new job, or even a new relationship. Have you idealized other people in the beginning?) However, after only a short time, Bruce begins to feel that his boss is out to get him. He perceives every work request or direction as unfair criticism. He also becomes increasingly frustrated about working with his coworkers. He complains about what he sees as their lackluster efforts that no one else seems to notice or care about. (Again, take a moment to think about whether this same thing has happened to you. Have you started out with high expectations only to be disenchanted with those you had at first been impressed with?) By this time, its clear to Bruce that his supervisors and coworkers dont like him and are picking on him. Eventually, Bruce comes to believe that the people at the office are trying to find reasons to fire him, and he reacts in a rage. He yells and swears at his boss while complaining about how unfair the situation is and always has been. His angry outburst and disrespect toward his boss can only end one way: Bruce is let go to search for another new job. (Yet, again, have you experienced something like this? Have you slowly become more and more angry with a boss or coworker until you simply erupt in anger?) Symptoms of BPD in the Workplace In this example, Bruce demonstrates the following symptoms of BPD at work: Intense/Unstable Interpersonal RelationshipsBruce’s initial feelings towards his coworkers and boss are intense and idealized. He sees them as doing no wrong and as strong allies who like and support him. However, these feelings soon give way to negative, critical thoughts. Now Bruce sees nothing positive about the people he works with, instead, experiencing them as hostile backstabbers. The idealization phase eventually leads to devaluation. This devaluation may occur slowly over time, or more often, rapidly in response due to an overpowering sense of rejection (abandonment sensitivity.)??SplittingWhen Bruce’s perception changes from appreciation to devaluation, the shift from good to bad thoughts in total. Consumed by his anger, he is unable to recall that he ever felt differently. Splitting is a defense mechanism common in people with BPD.?? Instead of seeing another person as primarily good with a few bad traits, the shift to bad person is complete in an effort to avoid the p ossibility of rejection. Because the majority (likely all) of people have some bad traits mixed with the good, this shift often occurs in time no matter who the boss, coworkers, or friend, happens to be. If youre wondering if you ever experience splitting, think about whether you use these terms in regard to relationships: always, never, perfect, impossible, ruined, terrible, and awful. This kind of language often signifies that splitting has occurred. Sensitivity to RejectionBruce’s excessive sensitivity to what he experiences as rejection triggers thoughts that his boss and coworkers dont like him and are trying to get him fired. His attitude toward his work and colleagues spirals downward until, as before, hes let go. Was Bruce justified in the way he felt? What his boss and coworkers actually thought about him as he grew increasingly upset and angry cant be known. Its likely, however, that their actions toward Bruce had little to do with the negative way he perceived them. Living With Borderline Personality Disorder If you saw yourself in this example, you may be wondering how things could be different. In truth, there is a lot that you can do which can help you cope with the symptoms of BPD. Part of the process lies in beginning to recognize the patterns in your behavior. Recognizing these patterns wont necessarily change what you feel inside. You may still want to essentially run away and declare a boss awful if an action at work triggers your fear of abandonment. Yet you can learn new ways to react which can result in different endings. The first step is to find a therapist who you feel comfortable with. Just as with other relationships, finding a therapist can be challenging. Many people with BPD go through the same type of cycle mentioned above with a therapist, first idealizing the therapist and then if something triggers their sense of abandonment, begin to strongly dislike the therapist. Its important to consider this if you begin to have any negative feelings during your therapy. This is very worthwhile. Both short term and long term therapy have been found to improve the ability to work for people living with BPD. You may also wish to begin learning about how to avoid BPD triggers, and how to manage triggers when they occur. In addition to work in therapy, self-care for BPD is critical in coping with the disorder. Check out these coping skills for BPD which can help you whether at work or in your relationships.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the Raise Essay

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as mental health disorder triggered by a terrifying event (Mayo Clinic). This ordeal could be the result of some sort of physical harm or threat to the individual, family members, friends or even strangers (NIMH). While PTSD is typically associated with someone who has served in the military, it can affect more than just that genre of individuals. It could affect rape victims, victims in a terrorist or natural disaster incident, nurses, doctors, and police and fire personnel and bystanders. PTSD can manifest itself in many forms. The primary signs and symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder include but are not limited to re-experiencing symptoms (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening†¦show more content†¦Of those who do, 8% of men and 20% of women will develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (August 2013). A study was done on 810 nurses from a University hospital by having them fill out a detailed questionnaire. Of the 810 nurses, 332 responded by completing their questionnaire. The results showed that 22% had symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and 61% met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD (Depressed Anxiety, 2009). This study shows a high rate of PTSD among nurses but the percentages could be higher due to many not reporting or admitting they have symptoms. Another study done in Australia showed that nurses in remote areas are more likely to experience violent crimes in the workplace which can lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In this study 349 nurses working in remote areas of Australia responded. 88.5% were female in the age range of 20-68 years. In the 12 months preceding the survey, the workplace violence incidents that were the highest are verbal aggression (79.5%), property damage (31.6%), and physical violence (28.6%) (trends in workplace violence in remote areas). This survey provides a statistically significant correlation between workplace violence and PTSD symptoms. It is n o surprise that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the rise and is considered an occupational hazard for nurses. The National Institute of Mental Health calculates that 7.7 million adults or 3.5 % of the adult populationShow MoreRelatedKurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five -- A Great American Novel1383 Words   |  6 PagesAfter serving in World War Two, Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse-Five about his experiences through Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist in the novel. Slaughterhouse-Five is a dark novel about war and death. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disease that inflicts people who endured a traumatic event. Some of the common symptoms include flashbacks and creating alternate worlds which Billy Pilgrim experienced various times throughout Slaughterhouse-Five. Billy Pilgrim believes he has become â€Å"unstuckRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1271 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder commonly known as PTSD is a mental illnes s that forms when one has experienced a traumatic event or an overwhelming event in one’s life. PTSD can have a severe impact on the nervous system. The nervous system can become stuck in the stressful situation and it will be unable to return to its normal state. PTSD has many symptoms such as avoidance, isolation and flashbacks. There are a few treatments for PTSD available and these include medications and therapy. EvenRead MorePaper1098 Words   |  5 PagesMental and substance use disorders account for about 7 ·4% of the global burden of disease (Whiteford et al., 2013). These mental disorders include various mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders such as alcohol abuse. A study analysing the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys found that post-traumatic stress disorder had one of the strongest associationsRead MoreDreami ng and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Connection974 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction According to the dictionary diagnosis in PsychCentral, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is defined as a â€Å"debilitating mental disorder that follows experiencing or witnessing an extremely traumatic, tragic, or terrifying event† (PTSD Info Treatment, 2013). While this definition describes the general definition of PTSD, the DSM-IV states that the criteria for being diagnosed with PTSD varies between a person who â€Å"experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involvedRead MoreThe Life of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Essay examples1509 Words   |  7 Pages Post-traumatic Stress disorder is exactly what it sounds like. After a stressful event in your life including but not limited to: car accidents, deaths in the family, assaults, and also combat; it is possible to develop this disorder. Symptoms of PTSD have been appearing for more than 1000 years. In 1666 London experienced a great fire in which many people, homes and other precious belongings perished. A man named Samuel Pepys kept a diary of the events and of what happened in the followingRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder851 Words   |  3 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Introduction â€Å"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and it is estimated that with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our returning soldiers.† Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for veterans returning from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope with their disorder is specially trained dogs. TheseRead MoreSymptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1740 Words   |  7 PagesAcross the nation there are children, both male and female, who suffer from symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) each day. These children are victims of a variety of trauma, such as â€Å"natural disasters, war, sexual abuse, witnessing violent behavior on another person, serious life-threatening illness, and community violence† (Sauter Franklin, 1998). For years, â€Å"studies have been done to understand the relationship [of] the prevalence of PTSD in children who experience trauma† (SauterRead MoreMaus and the Psychological Effects of the Holocaust1704 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship and individual personalities. Through this analysis, Maus becomes an example of how the Holocaust has effected the lives of survivors and their children for decades. Survivors suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which impairs their ability to live normal lives and raise their children. By understanding the causes and symptoms of PTSD, it can be properly diagnosed and treated, stopping this cycle of dysfunction. During the Holocaust, Nazi Germany attempted to exterminateRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse The condition once known as multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a very real psychological phenomenon that until recently was mis-understood and often mis-diagnosed. Dissociative identity disorder, DID, as we now call it, is a mental illness where a persons thoughts, feelings, and memories are scattered throughout two or more separate personalities within the victims mind (Appelbaum 107). In 1973 perhaps the worlds most famous psychiatricRead MoreFree Counseling For Freedom : The United States Department Of Veterans932 Words   |  4 Pagesreleased a sobering statistic: every eighty minutes, a military veteran commits suicide† (Mccarl and Lindsay 395). As one can see, this is a major problem in our society. Most of these suicides are from veterans with mental disorders, such as PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder). Disorders such as this cause suicide, and are not always caught by professionals and/or families, and can even affect children of the victim in particular. There have been many solutions that have been proposed in the past but

Essay on Language Reform in Modern China - 2292 Words

1. What have been the major issues in language reform in modern China? How have these related to wider political and social changes such as the rise of nationalism, the communist revolution, etc.? Give concrete examples to justify your opinion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Introduction The Chinese language has changed significantly since the Qing Dynasty. Language is closely linked to social aspects of a society, and China is not an exception. During the last three hundred years China has gotten rid of its dynasty and changed to a communist state. These political changes led to major reforms in the Chinese language, and the three most important ones have been reforms towards a new modern written- and spoken†¦show more content†¦As Sang Bing explains it â€Å"But in order to unify the spoken and written languages, the former must itself be unified: people must make the same sound before using the same word†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. It would cause estrangement, if not division, if everyone wrote phonetically what he spoke† (Bing, 2013). China’s vernacular language would therefore be pointless if it was not for the changes made to guoyo in the same period. Script reform Many scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century blamed the slow growth and backwardness of China, on the Chinese language. They believed that Chinese, due to its logographic writing, caused illiteracy and an overall less educated population (Chen, 1994). It was believed it was too difficult to master reading and writing it, and that in order to modernize China, the traditional logographic writing had to be replaced with Latin letters (Bing, 2013). This idea has later been questioned by arguing that illiteracy is result of the failure of the education system and not the language (Bing, 2013). Getting rid of Chinese characters had been the goal for language reformers since the late Qing, but during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, new steps were taken towards the Romanization of the Chinese written language (Bing, 2013). Language reformers believed that the best way to promote the national language was to globalize it, and the only way to do this was by adopting LatinShow MoreRelatedEducational Practices in Finland, Canada, and China1179 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, it will be looking at the culture and education practices of Finland, Canada, and China. Education varies from country to country as well as does ones culture, lifestyle of the people who live there. In doing so will review their culture and the role of their education policies that are used to motivate schools and teachers to improve student learning along with how their culture plays into learning. Furthermore, children should be taught with respect to their culture. HoweverRead MoreThe Political And Social Consequences Of Vietnam s Communist Party1714 Words   |  7 Pagesmost of Vietnam’s businesses and farms, the success of economic and social reforms has opened dialogue for political reforms also, especially among the younger generations. The government has been forced to modernize many Communist laws and restrictions in order to compete in t he global capitalist market. The Vietnamese Communist Party has recently attempted to correct corruption with the Party to maintain focus on reforms. In speaking out against corruption in the Party, former Communist PartyRead MoreThe Brain Drain and Revolution in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century China1633 Words   |  7 Pagesignored technology—considered it low class, even—and students instead focused on cultivating a sense of moral righteousness. Yet, the Confucian-centered examination system was beginning to prove ineffective in a world where modern militaries predominated in international relations. China learned this painful lesson during a succession of lost wars, eventually entering a long period of introspection, quite notably, by first looking outward. Foreign education systems were of particular interest to this nationRead MoreChinese Literature And Culture Of China1497 Words   |  6 Pagesone would begin to articulate some form of response. Chinese literature, to many westerners, has not been easily accessible as it had remained hidden in the higher strata of the society â€Å"shi da fu (Ã¥ £ «Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¤ «)† in Chinese culture. In the long history of China, each dynasty has carried down magnificent and brilliant work that is considered a treasure and holds a significant amount of contribution in passing the legacy of the profound series of events and works done by them. Chinese literature is interwovenRead MoreThe Rise Of Modern Republicanism1476 Words   |  6 PagesWith the rise of modern republicanism since the seventeenth century, the word â€Å"citizen† was gradually detached from its municipal boundary and became attached to the state (Heater, 2004a). As Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) revealed, the people of a state are both citizens and subjects: citizens when devising the General Will – for the community’s best interests, and subjects when obeying those decisions. To ensure the equality between citizens, Rousseau proposed a social pact or contract. AccordingRead MoreIndia and China: Ancient Civilizations in the Modern World1022 Words   |  4 PagesChina and India are two of the oldest surviving civilizations in the world. Prior to the 18th century, Europeans viewed these nations with the utmost respect in regards to their immense wisdom and wealth. However, around the time of the early nineteenth century Europeans began to view these civilizations through a different lens. In the eyes of Europeans, these once renowned civilizations had become debilitated and obsolete. The twentieth century only further instated the agony associated withRead MoreLanguage Reformation in China1945 Words   |  8 PagesChina has a long history of language reformation, where the Chinese language becomes one of the most successful and radical amendments for the whole nation to adopt several changes along the way. In this essay, a discussion of major components in the language refo rm, specifically the Mandarin language, in China will be explored with the social, culture, and political issues that have influence the changes. A history and pattern of language used in China- starting from the days of language in theRead MoreHong Kong Is A Modern Fast Paced International City Saturated With Skilled Workforce1325 Words   |  6 PagesI. Background Hong Kong is a modern, fast-paced international city saturated with skilled workforce and a desired destination of many immigrants. Due to such nature of Hong Kong, it is a highly competitive society. In 1997, Hong Kong, originally a colony of the UK, was returned to China, as a special territory free of China’s administration. This provided a balance between both Western and Oriental cultures in the educational system of Hong Kong. However, since 1980s, globalization affected manyRead MoreSouth Asian Popular Culture : A Cultural Phenomenon, And A Sphere Of Capitalist Activities892 Words   |  4 Pagesanimations and pop music have gained immense popularity among Asian countries, especially in Mainland China since the Chinese economic reform in the early 1980s.   E Popular culture is often referred to as a ‘mass culture’, ‘a cultural phenomenon’ and ‘a sphere of capitalist activities’ (Fung, 2007; Chua, 2007), with the capacity to transcend national boundaries and delimitate political tensions. Before China opened up its economy, the country did not have much import capacity where most overseas culturalRead MoreSome Prefer Nettles1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmany traditions, identities and modernities in Japan and in the book, Some Prefer Nettles by Junichoro Tanizaki. Among peers, art is often overlooked and is seldom appreciated. During the end of the nineteenth century, also during the time of modern development in painting techniques, Japan entered the international world. Their culture made slight changes due to opposing virtues and renovating ideals pertaining to painting. Europe possessed many of the modernistic, innovative principles and

Models of Writing Free Essays

Writing can be an intimidating task.   Many people of all ages will admit to avoiding and even fearing the writing process.   For some reason, the task seems daunting, so methods have been adapted to help ease the process for those that struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The five step writing process is typically composed of some derivation of the following steps:   prewriting, planning, drafting, revising, and proofreading.   These steps are widely taught in classrooms from the elementary school level through post graduate work.   The depth of each level is the thing that differs as writers grow and mature. Similar essay: Principles of Good Writing by L.A. Hill Summary The prewriting phase involves the production of ideas and even strategies for later writing of the essay.   This can include using one of many types of graphic organizers such as bubble charts or outlining techniques.   It can also be less organized like brainstorming lists or even random thoughts.   The prewriting phase is a time to explore all facets of an idea without judging or commitment.   During this phase, the writer will find a topic and create his questions for research.   In conducting his research, whether it be formal or informal, he will discover the answers to his questions. Thus the next sequential stage of writing is the planning stage.   Here the writer accumulates all of the information necessary and begins to sort it into categories.   This coincides with the text’s second step of finding and evaluating information from various sources.   Here the writer is still gather information without being certain exactly which he will use. These first two steps correlate with McQuinn and Roach’s first step in their writing process which is the idea step.   According to their website, â€Å"ideas are the heart of the message, the content of the piece, the main theme, together with the details (documented support, elaboration, anecdotes, images) that enrich and develop that theme by building understanding or holding a reader’s attention.†Ã‚   Here the writer comes up with the central focus of his work and gather information to support it.   This information may be anecdotal, research-oriented, observed or simply created.   The ideas are important to the process because they allow for wide-ranging creativity from the writer. The third step in the general writing process is drafting.   The text suggests taking notes from the sources and making a formal outline.   It is at this point that the final decisions are made as to what information should be included.   It is important to note that a draft is not a final copy.   Many students of writing make that mistake.   The drafts are sometimes a type of trial and error routine.   Several drafts may be necessary before the writer becomes satisfied with the content of the essay. This stage correlates with the organization stage of McQuinn and Roach.   They note that organization is the â€Å"internal structure† of a piece which includes is central message and the flow of ideas seamlessly from one to another.   This particular process offers that a well-organized piece of writing will begin with a strong opening and conclude with a powerful conclusion, with many developed and stimulating ideas in between.   Of course the writer will have had to already choose his content in order to accomplish this type of structure in his writing. After the drafting stage, the writer must undertake the process of revising.   The revision stage is one that involves many steps.   The paper must be examined for its content, its logical progression, its flow of ideas, its choice of words, phrasing, and overall impact.   The revising stage is much like the drafting stage because each revision is simply a new draft.   Until the revision stage is complete, the drafting stage is not. McQuinn and Roach’s fourth and fifth area are called word choice and sentence fluency.   These two ideas are key to the revision process.   Word choice has to do with, as the name suggests, the careful choosing of the most perfect words to express meaning.   Sentence fluency is the smoothness and fluidity with which the sentences in the writing roll seamlessly from one to another. According to McQuinn and Roach, â€Å"word choice is the use of rich, colorful, precise language that moves and enlightens the reader. It is the love of language, a passion for words, combined with a skill in choosing words that creates just the right mood, impression, or image in the heart and mind of the reader.†Ã‚   To accomplish this is to really wrestle with words until the most perfect choices are made.   Likewise, sentence fluency focuses on the sounds of the sentences.   This forces the writer to consider sound devices such as rhyme, alliteration, creative phrasing, sentence structure, complexity and length.   The sentences will read, in some cases, like music. Finally, the writer has achieved a focused, organized and creatively crafted piece.   He has one more step to complete.   This step is the revision step.   This step demands that the writer proofread his paper to ensure that the conventions of the English language are followed.   This gives the writer and the writing legitimacy.   The reader recognizes that his writing will be more powerful if it is also correct in its use of punctuation, usage, spelling and other such conventions.   While proofreading may be less creative than the stylistic drafting of the piece, it is nevertheless a vital step in the whole of the writing process. While most process driven models of writing end here, the McQuinn and Roach model includes another area.   This area is that of voice.   They note that voice is the heart and soul of a piece, the magic, the wit. It is the writer’s unique and personal expression emerging through words. Voice is the presence of the writer on the page. When the writer’s passion for the topic and concern for the audience are strong, the text dances with life and energy, and the reader feels a strong and intimate connection to both the writing and the writer. Voice is a more abstract tenet of writing, one that is harder to explain and harder yet to produce. Voice pervades all writing, but not all voice is unique or engaging or even literate.   Many writers take years to produce a recognizable voice.   Some students never learn it.   However, voice is the quality that separates adequate and good writing from great and enlightened writing, yet it is the most elusive quality of all. The process described in the text and the process designed by McQuinn and Roach have many structural similarities.   They both depend on good ideas, organization, drafting, revising and proofreading.   However, the McQuinn and Roach model go beyond this to demand an element of uniqueness, of style, from the writers.   This style is very difficult to teach.   For this reason, it is much more difficult to use. A student of writing would find the text much easier to follow.   The steps are well-defining, and a student who carefully follows them will produce a good piece of writing.   The steps are easy to repeat and practice, and they can be applied to many situations. However, a student who has mastered this type of writing and desire another level to his work will find McQuinn and Roach an excellent step in this direction.   While the tutorial on their website cannot guarantee that one will become a stylist, it gives a mature writer more dimensions with which to experiment in his writing.   Word choice, sentence fluency and voice are all components of this dimension.   Merely good writing can exist without them, but great writing can only emerge with them.   Thus, the user-friendliness of these two models will depend on the level of adequacy that the writer has achieved. References McQuinn, C. Roach, M.   The Writing Process. WORDSMITH A GUIDE to College Writing 3RD EDITON    How to cite Models of Writing, Essay examples

The only responsibility of business is to increase its profits free essay sample

Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main goal. Corporate social responsibility has many definitions, as its interpretation is quite loose, so I have chosen one that relates the most to this essay, given by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, in 2000: â€Å"Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large† (Dahlsrud, A.2006). In Milton Friedman’s article The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Friedman’s central message is that the main responsibility for a business is to create wealth; and that the corporation is an instrument of maximising profit and that their priorities should be to maximise shareholder value, have a high competitive advantage and use whatever means, as long as it remains legal, to increase their sales and profitability. In this essay I will be arguing to what extent I agree with Milton Friedman’s claim â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits†(Friedman, Milton. 1970) and then I will reach a conclusion in which I will give my own point of view on the topic. On one hand, I agree with certain concepts related to Friedman’s claim. Firstly, and most importantly, any executive of a big corporation has direct responsibilities to its owners, which would be its stockholders. Friedman argues that â€Å"to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom (Friedman, Milton. 1970). Shareholder’s main role is to hire executives, that they will then expect to act as their agent. Therefore if they go against their will, by performing actions that do not comply with their main objectives, would be in itself unethical, as it would go against their freedom of choice. Friedman argues that executives should not be spending a company’s resources on social causes the shareholders would not support, because it is effectively like imposing taxes on the stockholders and would provide lower profits (Cosans. C, 2008). Friedman proposes as examples that abstaining from a price increase to help prevent inflation, reducing pollution by more than it needs to be, to the point where it conflicts with the interests of the corporation and at the expense of corporate profits, to help improve the environment could go against the stockholders goals (Mulligan, T.1886). Consequently, executives spending corporate resources on social causes, that are not compatible with stockholder’s objectives, simply because the executives has his own personal ethical agenda, is a violation of trust, as the executive is not doing what he has been hired to do in the first place. Secondly, Friedman argues that spending money and resources on social interest should be the function of the government, through taxation and not of the executives in a company (Mulligan, T. 1886). For example if a company decides that it wants to lower its CO2 emission, to support the fight against global warming and that subsequently it leads to an increase in price of their product, it can be argued that this is like an indirect tax for consumers: â€Å"He is in effect imposing taxes, on the one hand, and deciding how the tax proceeds shall be spent. † (Friedman, Milton. 1970). This is unfair since it constitutes taxation without representation. Furthermore, it is unconstitutional that executives act as civil servants, without having been elected through a political process. Since, if anyone should have the power to impose taxes and make expenditures to promote social objectives, it shouldn’t be corporations but the government, as they have the resources and knowledge to make these kinds of decisions that could potentially have an impact on all our lives. Friedman argues, â€Å"Business professionals have neither the power nor possibly even the knowledge necessary to address larger societal problems, even if they wanted to† (Friedman, Milton. 1970). An example he refers to is the fact that business professionals are not in a position to fight inflation, where factors, such  as money supply and aggregate demand need to be considered. Overall it is investing governmental power in a person who has no general mandate to govern and why should we allow unelected companies to determine our social values and to take over the role of elected government. Thirdly, the process is undemocratic, as there are no checks and balances to monitor these corporations and the major decisions that they are making, that are going to impact our society, also the decision process is very much kept behind ‘closed doors’, unlike how the government operates. This leaves more opportunity for corruption and illegal behavior. Even though there are organizations, such as the World trade Organization and the Office of Fair Trading, loopholes always seem to be found. For example, a recent report by Members of Parliament, last year claimed that the Office of Fair Trading had failed to stop money lenders ripping off customers, and this mistake cost borrowers ? 450 million a year (The Mirror, 2013). The fact that businesses are able to persuade law makers â€Å"to pass laws that allows them to do an activity that would otherwise not be allowed†(Cosans, C.2008), for the purpose of increasing businesses profits, raises doubt on whether the corporation will only act in a ethical manner for their own purposes and won’t be able to anticipate the social consequences of their actions. An example to show how corporations could act in a socially responsible way for their own benefit would be, if a firm implemented tougher environmental standards, simply to eliminate smaller firms that could not afford the same stricter standards (Johnson, K. R. 2010). Corporations are not representative of society at large, but merely a small, narrow political constituency. As G. E. Moore once said: â€Å"to act with perfect certainty, we would need to know all the events which will be in any way affected by our action throughout an infinite future(Moore, G. E. 1903). In his essay, Milton Friedman emphasises that corporations should â€Å"use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud†(Friedman, Milton.1970). Therefore, it is more beneficial for companies to concentrate on making profit, as long as it remains in a legal manner and letting the government be in charge of imposing taxes and keeping the businesses in check, since corporate social responsibility ‘‘asks corporations to work against their natural genetic makeup and managers and employees to work at cross-purposes’’(Friedman, Milton. 1970). On the other hand, it can be argued that corporate social responsibility brings many benefits to society and corporations themselves and therefore there are some flaws with Friedman’s stance on the main objectives for businesses. For enterprises to fully meet their social responsibilities, they â€Å"should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders†. (European Commission, 2011). It is essential that corporations follow rules beyond the ones that are codified into laws (Friedman, J. 2013). Firstly, and most importantly, a company that is not socially responsible, and does not include it within their main goals can have detrimental consequences on people; society and I would go as far as to say the world. Kant’s second formulation of the categorical imperative ‘‘act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only’’ (Kant, I. 1785, p.46) comes to mind as an ethic that more businesses should possess. There have been multiple occurrences, where corporations have acted in ways that go against corporate social responsibility, to the extent where lives have been lost or put in danger, for the mere reason to increase their profit. An example of this, in 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, which lead to the immediate death of 3,800 people and caused significant morbidity and premature death for many more. The company, Union Carbide Corporations, involved in what became renown as the worst industrial accident in history, tried to dissociate itself from legal responsibility and eventually settled a payment of $470 million in compensation, which did in no way cover the negative externalities it had caused, such as the long-term health consequences. (Broughton, E. 2005). Furthermore there are still many issues where corporations use their monetary resources to influence the law, in ways, which will mostly benefit them. For example, in 1996, health insurance companies’ successfully lobbied Congress to drop a bill that had passed the Senate that required them to offer the same coverage for mental and physical health (Lueck, S. 2008). Even though it could be argued from Friedman’s perspective that it was ethical for the companies to increase their profits by not covering mental health since it wasn’t illegal, it led to health insurance companies acting in unethical way that left citizens having to deal with higher health costs, which is something that all citizens have to pay. This can be related to the Stakeholder theory (1930), which states that â€Å"in making decisions, management should calculate the implications on all parties that the business is affecting or that is affected by, such as the Stakeholders, and act to advance the greater interest† (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009,) Secondly, while it is normal for any business to have profit as one of their priorities, as it wouldn’t be sustainable otherwise, there is also a need for them to consider non-monetary factors in their decision-making. Firstly for the company’s stockholders, since they wouldn’t want their company to make money by producing a product that they believed to be unethical or potentially harmful. â€Å"Hence, the executive must exercise judgment to determine when an action would displease the typical stockholder despite its profitability†(Cosans, C. 2008). Since shareholders are also human beings, they wouldn’t want basic ethical principles to be broken. For example, Enron Corporation lied about its profits and concealed their debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts, to increase the value of their stocks. This was clearly deceitful to the stockholders, as Enron lost their money by lying to them and making them invest more (Barry and Shaw, 2001, p. 212). This can also be seen in a more recent story, where many Walmart shareholders voted against the current CEO because of their handling of bribery charges and working conditions in factories in the companys supply chain. Thirdly, if a company treats its employees in an unethical manner, there is always the chance that they will then do the same and start becoming dishonest. For example, they could try to go against their own company and help competing firms. Furthermore employees nowadays expect more than just a paycheck, they want to feel that they are working for a company that is doing ‘good’ for the community and therefore having good ethics can also  help motivate the workers to do well and be more involved in the business, it has been shown that employees who work for enlightened organizations tend to exhibit increased job satisfaction (Cosans, C. 2008). Hence, it could be suggested that it may be profitable for a company to spend resources in an ethical way, which could be helping with certain world problems or even the community, as they will attract employees who have high morals and work ethic themselves. Fourthly, consumers nowadays tend to prefer products, which possess certain attributes, such as quality, safety, and value. Not only consumers, but also communities often want companies to do more than what is required. Thus having a good set of ethics could lead to a company having higher sales, customer loyalty, a better reputation, more efficient operations, cooperation from local communities and even more (Cosans, C. 2008). Corporations can identify and respond to the demands of the marketplace, whilst making their activities socially responsible as its long-term profits can be negatively or positively influenced by its ethical stance or its attitude towards its social responsibility. A firm which exploits cheap labour in the Least Developed Countries, such as Nike and its sweatshops, may find that it loses part of its customer-base, it may also find it harder to get governments’ contracts or support, and may have problems recruiting new employees, all of which will have a dampening impact on long- term profitability. There are always social constraints on how far a firm can go in persisting profits and it is part of the implicit contract between society and the firm, where we the government and community provide a legal and economic framework in which you can operate but in return we expect certain standards of behaviour to be followed. Businesses are important in different ways, â€Å"such as creating wealth, providing goods and services in an efficient and fair way, at the same time respecting the dignity and the inalienable and fundamental rights of the individual. † (Mele, D. 2002). In conclusion, if one adopts a narrow interpretation of social responsibility, of the costs of producing goods and services, ignoring social costs and only considering the short-term perspective on the drive for profits then Friedman may be right. However businesses have a responsibility to adapt their behaviours accordingly if it wishes to survive in the long-term. Friedman wrote his essay 40 years ago, and since then many factors have changed in fundamental ways and nowadays people expect more of businesses to be corporately socially responsible (Friedman, J. 2013). And even though any business, that wants to be sustained over time, must maximize its profits, it should be done in a manner that meets the needs of the stakeholders. Corporations are very powerful and some are worth more than the economies of whole countries, they can develop innovative technologies that will meet the demands of the marketplace better than governments. They can get themselves involved with new and experimental social programs that might meet societal needs, such as the development of organic products (Johnson, K. R. 2010). A quote, which represents this very accurately: â€Å"The social responsibilities of businessmen arise from the amount of social power that they have Whoever does not use his social power responsibly will lose it. In the long run those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it because other groups eventually will step in to assume those responsibilities. ’’ (Davis, K. 1960). Generally it is always better to remember Francis Hutcheson’s maxim, which resembles the principle of utility in that: â€Å"Action is best, which procures the greatest Happiness for the greatest Numbers; and that, worst, which, in like manner, occasions Misery.